{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:55:51Z","timestamp":1794005751634,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prog Orthod."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The use of functional appliances for the correction of retrognathic mandible is very common in orthodontics. Similar appliances known as oral appliances are also frequently used in adults for the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Many studies have reported improvement of pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimensions following functional appliance therapy in children and oral appliance therapy in adults. There is only one study in the literature that discussed the effect of oral appliance therapy on posterior pharyngeal wall thickness (PPWT) among subjects with OSA. The effect of functional appliance therapy on PPWT has never been investigated. Thus the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of twin-block appliance on pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimensions and posterior pharyngeal wall thickness (PPWT) in class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thirty-eight class II malocclusion subjects in the age range of 8 to 14 years with mandibular retrusion were divided into a treatment (n\u2009=\u200920) and control (n\u2009=\u200918) group. Mandibular retrusion in the treatment group subjects was corrected by twin-block appliance. The effect of twin-block appliance on PAP and PPWT dimensions were evaluated from lateral cephalograms recorded prior-to and after 6 months of appliance therapy in the treatment group subjects and the changes were compared with the changes in the control group subjects. Student\u2019s <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test was used for statistical analysis; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value of 0.05 was considered a statistically significant level.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The depth of the oropharynx was increased significantly in the treatment group subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) as compared to the control group subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The depth of the hypopharynx increased significantly in treatment group subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The PPWT at the level of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were maintained in the treatment group subjects; whereas in control group subjects, the PPWT was further reduced although the changes were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Correction of mandibular retrusion by twin-block appliance in class II malocclusion subjects increased the PAP dimensions and maintained the pre-treatment thickness of posterior pharyngeal wall.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-014-0068-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T11:26:11Z","timestamp":1419247571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Effects of twin-block appliance on the anatomy of pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) in class II malocclusion subjects"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Swapnil","family":"Ghodke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Utreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satinder Pal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Jena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"68_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.2319\/081406-332","volume":"77","author":"M Kirjavainen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kirjavainen M, Kirjavainen T: Upper airway dimensions in class II malocclusion. 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