{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:20:10Z","timestamp":1770146410010,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prog Orthod."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-017-0199-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T10:19:52Z","timestamp":1516616392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Quantitative measures of gingival recession and the influence of gender, race, and attrition"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chester S.","family":"Handelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Eltink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"BeGole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"199_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00278.x","volume":"21","author":"G Serino","year":"1994","unstructured":"Serino G, Wennstr\u00f6m J, Lindhe J, Eneroth L. The prevalence and distribution of gingival recession in subjects with high standards of oral hygiene. J Clin Periodontal. 1994;21:57\u201363.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontal"},{"key":"199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00097.x","volume":"13","author":"HE Schroeder","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schroeder HE, Listgarten MA. The gingival tissues: the architecture of periodontal protection. Periodontol. 1997;13:91\u2013120.","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"199_CR3","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"MA Listgarten","year":"1972","unstructured":"Listgarten MA. Normal development, structure, physiology and repair of gingival epithelium. Oral Sci Rev. 1972;1:3\u201367.","journal-title":"Oral Sci Rev"},{"key":"199_CR4","first-page":"405","volume":"17","author":"MI LaVacca","year":"2005","unstructured":"LaVacca MI, Tarnow DP, Cisneros GJ. Interdental papilla length and the perception of aesthetics. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2005;17:405\u201312.","journal-title":"Pract Proced Aesthet Dent"},{"key":"199_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(96)80036-3","volume":"2","author":"VG Kokich","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kokich VG. Esthetics: the orthodontic\u2013periodontic connection. Semin Orthod. 1996;2:21\u201330.","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"199_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.12.995","volume":"63","author":"DP Tarnow","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tarnow DP, Magner AW, Fletcher P. The effect of the distance from the contact point to the crest of bone on the presence or absence of the interdental papilla. J Periodontol. 1992;63:995\u20136.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"199_CR7","volume-title":"Periodontal therapy","author":"H L\u00f6e","year":"1968","unstructured":"L\u00f6e H. In: Goldman HM, Cohen HW, editors. Periodontal therapy. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1968.","edition":"4"},{"key":"199_CR8","unstructured":"Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkeveld PR, Carranza FA, editors. Carranza\u2019s clinical periodontology. 12th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2014."},{"key":"199_CR9","first-page":"53","volume":"23","author":"K Hara","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hara K, Hosada H. Gingival architectural forms in periodontal diseases. Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ. 1976;23:53\u201361.","journal-title":"Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ"},{"key":"199_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(84)90003-4","volume":"12","author":"PJ Watson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Watson PJ. Gingival recession. J Dent. 1984;12:29\u201335.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"199_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2001.281201.x","volume":"28","author":"A Volchansky","year":"2001","unstructured":"Volchansky A, Cleaton-Jones P. Clinical crown height (length)\u2014a review of published measurements. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28:1085\u201390.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"199_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1981.tb01025.x","volume":"9","author":"RN Powell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Powell RN, McEniery TM. Disparities in gingival height in the mandibular central incisor region of children aged 6-12 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1981;9:32\u20136.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"199_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1967.38.4.316","volume":"38","author":"WJ Gorman","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gorman WJ. Prevalence and etiology of gingival recession. J Periodontol. 1967;38:316\u201322.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.1.30","volume":"70","author":"JM Albandar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albandar JM, Kingman A. Gingival recession, gingival bleeding, and dental calculus in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988-1994. J Periodontol. 1999;70:30\u201343.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.6.489","volume":"63","author":"H L\u00f6e","year":"1992","unstructured":"L\u00f6e H, Anerud A, Boysen H. The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, extent of gingival recession. J Periodontol. 1992;63:489\u201395.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"199_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0305-182X.2003.01232.x","volume":"31","author":"SM Hooper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hooper SM, Meredith N, Jagger DC. The developments of a new index for measurement of incisal\/occlusal tooth wear. J Oral Rehabil. 2004;31:206\u201312.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"199_CR17","unstructured":"Eltink AP. Gingival architecture of adult orthodontic patients: a new method of assessment of gingival recession. University of Illinois at Chicago, Pro Quest, UMI Dissertation Publication. 2005;1425218."},{"key":"199_CR18","first-page":"93","volume":"97","author":"K Lyons","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lyons K. Aetiology of abfraction lesions. N Z Dent J. 2001;97:93\u20138.","journal-title":"N Z Dent J"},{"key":"199_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01655.x","volume":"38","author":"G Pini-Prato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pini-Prato G. The Miller classification of gingival recession; limits and drawbacks. J Clin Periodontal. 2011;38:243\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontal."},{"key":"199_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1987.tb00964.x","volume":"14","author":"JL Wennstr\u00f6m","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f6m JL. Lack of association between width of attached gingiva and the development of gingival recessions: a 5-year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodont. 1987;14:181\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodont."},{"key":"199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.1999.260502.x","volume":"26","author":"L Checchi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Checchi L, Daprile G, Gatto MR, et al. Gingival recession and tooth brushing in an Italian school of dentistry: a pilot study. J Clin Periodont. 1999;26:276\u201380.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodont."},{"key":"199_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090591","volume":"81","author":"JH Fu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fu JH, Yeh CY, Chan HL, et al. Tissue biotype and its relation to the underlying bone morphology. J Periodontol. 2010;81:569\u201374.","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"199_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1984.tb00911.x","volume":"11","author":"C L\u00f6st","year":"1984","unstructured":"L\u00f6st C. Depth of alveolar bone dehiscences in relation to gingival recessions. J Clin Periodont. 1984;11:583\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodont."},{"key":"199_CR24","first-page":"345","volume":"31","author":"DR Cook","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cook DR, Mealey RL, Verrett RG, Mills MP, Noujeim ME, Lasho DL, Cronim RJ Jr. Relationship between clinical periodontal biotype and labial plate thickness: an in vitro study. Int J Perio & Restorative. Dent. 2011;31:345\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Perio & Restorative. Dent."},{"key":"199_CR25","first-page":"209","volume":"16","author":"JR Trott","year":"1966","unstructured":"Trott JR, Love B. An analysis of local recession in 766 Winnipeg high school students. Dent Practice. 1966;16:209\u201313.","journal-title":"Dent Practice."},{"key":"199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02416.x","volume":"25","author":"WH Palenstein Helderman van","year":"1998","unstructured":"van Palenstein Helderman WH, Lembariti BS, van der Weijden GA et al. Gingival recession and its association with calculus in subjects deprived of prophylactic dental care. J Clin Periodont. 1998;25:106\u201311.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodont."},{"key":"199_CR27","unstructured":"Eltink AP, Handelman CS, BeGole EA. A new measure of gingival recession and the significance of attriction, gender, and race. In, McNamara JA Jr, Hatch N, Kapila SD (eds): Effective and efficient orthodontic tooth movement. Craniofacial Growth Series, Volume 48. Ann Arbor, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; 2011. pp. 353-75."},{"key":"199_CR28","first-page":"8","volume":"5","author":"IEE Bassey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bassey IEE. Clinical crown heights of permanent teeth in Nigerians. Afr Dent J. 1991;5:8\u201314.","journal-title":"Afr Dent J"},{"key":"199_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw033","volume":"38","author":"MLC Avagon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Avagon MLC, Pontes LF, Bicharah LM, Flores-Mir C, Narmando D. Validity and reliability of intraoral scanners compared to conventional gypsum models measurements: a systemic review. Euro J Ortho. 2016;38:429\u201334.","journal-title":"Euro J Ortho"},{"key":"199_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00492.x","volume":"24","author":"RG Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith RG. Gingival recession. Reappraisal of the enigmatic condition and a new index for monitoring. J Clin Periodont. 1997;24:201\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodont"},{"key":"199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/25.4.343","volume":"25","author":"D Allais","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allais D, Melsen B. Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:343\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70244-6","volume":"114","author":"S Ruf","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ruf S, Hansen K, Pancherz H. Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1995;114:100\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs045","volume":"35","author":"AM Renkema","year":"2012","unstructured":"Renkema AM, Fudalej PS, Renkema A, Bronkhorst E, Katsaros C. Gingival recession and the change in inclination of mandibular incisors during orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2012;35:249\u201355.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"199_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.09.027","volume":"151","author":"JW Morris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris JW, Campbell PM, Tadlock, et al. Prevelance of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2017;151:851\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"199_CR35","first-page":"129","volume":"70","author":"CS Handelman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Handelman CS, Wang L, Begole EA, Haas A. Nonsurgical rapid maxillary expansion in adults: report on 47 cases using the Haas expander. Angle Orthod. 2000;70:129\u201344.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"199_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.2003.8.1.303","volume":"8","author":"TW Oates","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oates TW, Robinson M, Gunsolley. Surgical therapies for the treatment of gingival recession. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol. 2003;8:303\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Periodontol"},{"key":"199_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2014.44.3.119","volume":"44","author":"FA Bascifici","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bascifici FA, Akin M, Iberi Z, Bayram S. Long-term stability of dentoalveolar, skeletal, and soft tissue changes after non-extraction treatment with a self-ligating system. Korean J Orthod. 2014;44:119\u201327.","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"199_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2319\/093013-712.1","volume":"84","author":"E Atik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atik E, Semra C. An assessment of conventional and self-ligating brackets in class I maxillary constriction patients. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:615\u201322.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"199_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2319\/122115-875.1","volume":"87","author":"J-P Houle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Houle J-P, Piedade L, Todescan R Jr, Pinheiro HSL. The predictability of transverse changes with Invisalign. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:19\u201324.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"199_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.04.095","volume":"67","author":"MT Wilco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilco MT, Wilco WM, Pulver JJ, Bissada NF, Bouquot JE. Accelerated osteogenic orthodontics techniques: a 1-stage surgically facilitated rapid orthodontic technique with alveolar augmentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2149\u201359.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Progress in Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40510-017-0199-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40510-017-0199-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40510-017-0199-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:08:31Z","timestamp":1548720511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/progressinorthodontics.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40510-017-0199-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40510-017-0199-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"IRB approval has been obtained for this project and is listed in the manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"5"}}