{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:59:36Z","timestamp":1792605576973,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prog Orthod."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-018-0238-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T05:33:08Z","timestamp":1534743188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Examination of craniofacial morphology in Japanese patients with congenitally missing teeth: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norihisa","family":"Higashihori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-ichi","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"238_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1179\/1465313314Y.0000000116","volume":"41","author":"K Khalaf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khalaf K, Miskelly J, Voge E, Macfarlane TV. Prevalence of hypodontia and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthod. 2014;41:299\u2013316.","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(03)00620-6","volume":"124","author":"Y Ben-Bassat","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ben-Bassat Y, Brin I. Skeletodental patterns in patients with multiple congenitally missing teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2003;124:521\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"238_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2319\/082905-303","volume":"76","author":"T Endo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Endo T, Ozoe R, Yoshino S, Shimooka S. Hypodontia patterns and variations in craniofacial morphology in Japanese orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:996\u20131003.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698333","volume":"1","author":"Y Sisman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sisman Y, Uysal T, Gelgor IE. Hypodontia. Does the prevalence and distribution pattern differ in orthodontic patients? Eur J Dent. 2007;1:167\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"238_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-1042-14-33","volume":"14","author":"V Rakhshan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rakhshan V. Meta-analysis and systematic review of factors biasing the observed prevalence of congenitally missing teeth in permanent dentition excluding third molars. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:33.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-017-0186-9","volume":"18","author":"ALT Gracco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gracco ALT, Zanatta S, Forin Valvecchi F, Bignotti D, Perri A, Baciliero F. Prevalence of dental agenesis in a sample of Italian orthodontic patients: an epidemiological study. Prog Orthod. 2017;18:33.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(200002)111:2<177::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"111","author":"N Bondarets","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bondarets N, McDonald F. Analysis of the vertical facial form in patients with severe hypodontia. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000;111:177\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"238_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2008.05.003","volume":"51","author":"I Bailleul-Forestier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bailleul-Forestier I, Berdal A, Vinckier F, de Ravel T, Fryns JP, Verloes A. The genetic basis of inherited anomalies of the teeth. Part 2: syndromes with significant dental involvement. Eur J Med Genet. 2008;51:383\u2013408.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"key":"238_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0127-z","volume":"17","author":"A Jamilian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jamilian A, Lucchese A, Darnahal A, Kamali Z, Perillo L. Cleft sidedness and congenitally missing teeth in patients with cleft lip and palate patients. Prog Orthod. 2016;17:14.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR10","first-page":"133","volume":"59","author":"Y Schalk-van der Weide","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schalk-van der Weide Y, Steen WH, Bosman F. Distribution of missing teeth and tooth morphology in patients with oligodontia. ASDC J Dent Child. 1992;59:133\u201340.","journal-title":"ASDC J Dent Child"},{"key":"238_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/71634","volume":"24","author":"DW Stockton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, D'Souza RN, Patel PI. Mutation of PAX9 is associated with oligodontia. Nat Genet. 2000;24:18\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"238_CR12","unstructured":"Higashihori N, Takada J, Katayanagi M, Takahashi Y, Moriyama K. Frequency of missing teeth and reduction of mesiodistal tooth width in Japanese patients with tooth agenesis. Prog Orthod. In press"},{"key":"238_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357409026344","volume":"32","author":"PJ Wisth","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wisth PJ, Thunold K, B\u00f6e OE. The craniofacial morphology of individuals with hypodontia. Acta Odontol Scand. 1974;32:281\u201390.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"238_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358209041117","volume":"40","author":"KL Roald","year":"1982","unstructured":"Roald KL, Wisth PJ, B\u00f8e OE. Changes in cranio-facial morphology of individuals with hypodontia between the ages of 9 and 16. Acta Odontol Scand. 1982;40:65\u201374.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"238_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/5.2.133","volume":"5","author":"KV Sarn\u00e4s","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sarn\u00e4s KV, Rune B. The facial profile in advanced hypodontia: a mixed longitudinal study of 141 children. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:133\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70047-1","volume":"108","author":"B Ogaard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ogaard B, Krogstad O. Craniofacial structure and soft tissue profile in patients with severe hypodontia. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1995;108:472\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"238_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-004-0034-5","volume":"92","author":"T Endo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Endo T, Yoshino S, Ozoe R, Kojima K, Shimooka S. Association of advanced hypodontia and craniofacial morphology in Japanese orthodontic patients. Odontology. 2004;92:48\u201353.","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"238_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/16.2.104","volume":"16","author":"M Nodal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nodal M, Kjaer I, Solow B. Craniofacial morphology in patients with multiple congenitally missing permanent teeth. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:104\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.09.002","volume":"135","author":"Y Ben-Bassat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ben-Bassat Y, Brin I. Skeletal and dental patterns in patients with severe congenital absence of teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;135:349\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"238_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn111","volume":"31","author":"DW Chan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chan DW, Samman N, McMillan AS. Craniofacial profile in Southern Chinese with hypodontia. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:300\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.2319\/091012-722.1","volume":"83","author":"AY Gungor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gungor AY, Turkkahraman H. Effects of severity and location of nonsyndromic hypodontia on craniofacial morphology. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:584\u201390.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.09.024","volume":"129","author":"T Endo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Endo T, Ozoe R, Kubota M, Akiyama M, Shimooka S. A survey of hypodontia in Japanese orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;129:29\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"238_CR23","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Facial growth","author":"DH Enlow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Enlow DH. The facial growth process: physiologic tooth movements and alveolar remodeling. In: John D, editor. Facial growth. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1990. p. 58\u2013130.","edition":"3"},{"key":"238_CR24","first-page":"187","volume":"71","author":"K Mogi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mogi K, Ogawa T, Baba Y, Moriyama K. Craniofacial morphology in growing patients with oligodontia. Orthod Waves Jpn Ed. 2012;71:187\u201393. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Orthod Waves Jpn Ed"},{"key":"238_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8683970","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8683970","volume":"2017","author":"J Badrov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Badrov J, Lauc T, Naka\u0161 E, Gali\u0107 I. Dental age and tooth development in orthodontic patients with agenesis of permanent teeth. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:8683970.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"238_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2000.107009","volume":"118","author":"L Franchi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Franchi L, Baccetti T, McNamara JA. Mandibular growth as related to cervical vertebral maturation and body height. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2000;118:335\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"238_CR27","first-page":"316","volume":"72","author":"T Baccetti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA. An improved version of the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of mandibular growth. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:316\u201323.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2319\/111517-787.1","volume":"88","author":"JA McNamara","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNamara JA, Franchi L. The cervical vertebral maturation method: a user\u2019s guide. Angle Orthod. 2018;88:133\u201343.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"238_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149\u201360.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"238_CR31","first-page":"18","volume":"25","author":"T Iizuka","year":"1958","unstructured":"Iizuka T. Roentgencephalometric analysis of craniofacial growth in Japanese children. J Stomatol Soc Jpn. 1958;25:18\u201330. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"J Stomatol Soc Jpn"},{"key":"238_CR32","first-page":"436","volume":"39","author":"F Masaki","year":"1980","unstructured":"Masaki F. The longitudinal study of morphological differences in the cranial base and facial structure between Japanese and American whites. Orthod Waves Jpn Ed. 1980;39:436\u201356. (In Japanese.)","journal-title":"Orthod Waves Jpn Ed"},{"key":"238_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(55)90153-6","volume":"41","author":"SE Coben","year":"1955","unstructured":"Coben SE. The integration of facial skeletal variants: a serial cephalometric roentgenographic analysis of craniofacial form and growth. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:407\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.1.71","volume":"19","author":"S Y\u00fcksel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel S, U\u00e7em T. The effect of tooth agenesis on dentofacial structures. Eur J Orthod. 1997;19:71\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(85)90003-X","volume":"87","author":"DA Woodworth","year":"1985","unstructured":"Woodworth DA, Sinclair PM, Alexander RG. Bilateral congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors: a craniofacial and dental cast analysis. Am J Orthod. 1985;87:280\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"238_CR36","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Contemporary orthodontics","author":"WR Proffit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit WR, Sarver DM, Ackerman JL. Orthodontic diagnosis: the problem-oriented approach. In: Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM, editors. Contemporary orthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier\/Mosby; 2013. p. 150\u2013219.","edition":"5"},{"key":"238_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq189","volume":"34","author":"AM Aktan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aktan AM, Kara I, Sener I, Bereket C, Celik S, Kirtay M, et al. An evaluation of factors associated with persistent primary teeth. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:208\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"}],"container-title":["Progress in Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40510-018-0238-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40510-018-0238-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40510-018-0238-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T23:00:11Z","timestamp":1569884411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/progressinorthodontics.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40510-018-0238-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40510-018-0238-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Tokyo Medical and Dental University (no. 419) and complied with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"38"}}