{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:33:50Z","timestamp":1784774030950,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prog Orthod."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There is relatively little appreciation of the changes in maxillary-mandibular relationships occurring during adolescence among subjects with normal and increased overjet. The aim of this study was to assess differences in changes in maxillo-mandibular relationships during the adolescent growth period based on the presence of a\u00a0normal (&lt;\u20094\u2009mm) or increased (&gt;\u20094\u2009mm) overjet in childhood. Our hypothesis was that there is no difference in the change of the A point, nasion, B point (ANB) angle during growth between these two overjet groups. Lateral cephalograms were obtained from 65 subjects taken from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collections Project. Cephalograms were obtained at ages 7\u201310 (T0) and 14\u201317 (T1) with allocation into two groups based on baseline overjet (&gt;\u20094\u2009mm: group 1, 2-4\u2009mm: group 2). Random effects linear regression was used to account for multiple within -patient measurements with dependent variables including antero-posterior skeletal pattern (based on sella, nasion, A point (SNA); sella, nasion, B point (SNB); and ANB angles).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We included\u00a0a similar number of males (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 34; 52.3%) and females (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 31; 47.7%). The mean ANB was higher at baseline in group 1 (5.42, SD 2.16\u00b0) than in group 2 (3.08, SD 1.91\u00b0). The hypothesis was rejected as the ANB angle reduced by 1.92\u00b0 more in the larger overjet group with the association being statistically significant after accounting for age and gender (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.77). No significant gender-related effect (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.624; 95% CI \u2212\u20090.637 to 1.07) was observed overall. However, there was no significant increase in SNA angle in the &gt;\u20094\u2009mm overjet group compared to the 2\u20134\u2009mm group (0.857\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.271; 95% CI \u2212\u20090.669 to 2.383). The SNB angle increased by 1.15\u00b0 more in the higher overjet group but there was only weak evidence of an association (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.086; 95% CI \u2212\u20092.464 to 0.164).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A slight straightening of the facial profile was observed in both groups with a statistically significant greater reduction in ANB arising in the group with larger baseline overjet.\u00a0This translated into\u00a0a\u00a0marginal\u00a0reduction in the overjet in this group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-020-00313-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T23:02:48Z","timestamp":1589756568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Skeletal growth in class II malocclusion from childhood to adolescence: does the profile straighten?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Matoula","family":"Taloumtzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa","family":"Padashi-Fard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padhraig S.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR1","first-page":"177","volume":"51","author":"JA McNamara Jr","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara JA Jr. Components of class II malocclusion in children 8-10\u2009years of age. Angle Orthodon. 1981;51(3):177\u2013202.","journal-title":"Angle Orthodon"},{"key":"313_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1179\/bjo.14.4.225","volume":"14","author":"NE Carter","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carter NE. Dentofacial changes in untreated class II division 1 subjects. Br J Orthod. 1987;14:225\u201334 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/bjo.14.4.225.","journal-title":"Br J Orthod"},{"key":"313_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70227-6","volume":"113","author":"SE Bishara","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara SE. Mandibular changes in persons with untreated and treated class II division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:661\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR4","first-page":"227","volume":"10","author":"PH Buschang","year":"1988","unstructured":"Buschang PH, Tanguay R, Demirjian A, LaPalme L, Turkewicz J. Mathematical models of longitudinal mandibular growth for children with normal and untreated class II, division 1 malocclusion. Eur J Orthod. 1988;10:227\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"313_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70287-7","volume":"111","author":"T Baccetti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr, Tollaro I. Early dentofacial features of class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:502\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR6","first-page":"55","volume":"67","author":"SE Bishara","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR, Vorhies B, Bayati P. Changes in dentofacial structures in untreated class II division 1 and normal subjects: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:55\u201366.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"313_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez, M.J., Baccetti, T., Franchi, L., McNamara, J.A., 2009. Dentofacial features of class II malocclusion associated with maxillary skeletal protrusion: a longitudinal study at the circumpubertal growth period. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 135, 568.e1\u20137; discussion 568-569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.05.026.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.05.026"},{"key":"313_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.03.033","volume":"135","author":"T Baccetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baccetti T, Stahl F, McNamara JA Jr. Dentofacial growth changes in subjects with untreated class II malocclusion from late puberty through young adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:148\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"313_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.10.023","volume":"147","author":"SS Yoon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoon SS, Chung C-H. Comparison of craniofacial growth of untreated Class I and class II girls from ages 9 to 18\u2009years: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:190\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.10.023.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90413-6","volume":"92","author":"WJ Kerr","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kerr WJ, Hirst D. Craniofacial characteristics of subjects with normal and postnormal occlusions\u2014a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:207\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(97)80055-2","volume":"3","author":"PW Ngan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ngan PW, Byczek E, Scheick J. Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in class II division 1 subjects. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:222\u201331.","journal-title":"Semin Orthod"},{"key":"313_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.06.028","volume":"134","author":"F Stahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stahl F, Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. Longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with class II division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:125\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR13","first-page":"253","volume":"53","author":"DL Anderson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Anderson DL, Popovich F. Lower cranial height vs craniofacial dimensions in angle class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 1983;53:253\u201360.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"313_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/000163598428356","volume":"56","author":"J Varrela","year":"1998","unstructured":"Varrela J. Early developmental traits in class II malocclusion. Acta Odontol Scand. 1998;56:375\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"313_CR15","first-page":"78","volume":"22","author":"MJ Lande","year":"1952","unstructured":"Lande MJ. Growth behavior of the human bony facial profile as revealed by serial cephalometric roentgenology 1. Angle Orthod. 1952;22:78\u201390.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"313_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.119801","volume":"120","author":"ZH You","year":"2001","unstructured":"You ZH, Fishman LS, Rosenblum RE, Subtelny JD. Dentoalveolar changes related to mandibular forward growth in untreated Class II persons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120:598\u2013607.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"313_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cji061","volume":"27","author":"CJ Lux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lux CJ, Burden D, Conradt C, Komposch G. Age-related changes in sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27:568\u201378.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod."},{"key":"313_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2002.129195","volume":"122","author":"CH Chung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chung CH, Wong WW. Craniofacial growth in untreated class II subjects: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:619\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.05.012","volume":"125","author":"AM Riesmeijer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Riesmeijer AM, Prahl-Andersen B, Mascarenhas AK, Joo BH, Vig KWL. A comparison of craniofacial class I and class II growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:463\u201371 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.05.012.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/5.4.259","volume":"5","author":"A Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m A, Woodside DG. Longitudinal changes in facial type in cases with vertical and horizontal mandibular growth directions. Eur J Orthod. 1983 Nov;5(4):259\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod."},{"key":"313_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.02.004","volume":"124","author":"CH Chung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chung CH, Mongiovi VD. Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal class I subjects with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:670\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70143-5","volume":"107","author":"BC Fidler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fidler BC, Artun J, Joondeph DR, Little RM. Long-term stability of angle class II, division 1 malocclusions with successful occlusal results at end of active treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:276\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"313_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1590\/1679-775720130002","volume":"21","author":"MF Francisconi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Francisconi MF, Henriques JF, Janson G, Freitas KM, Santos PB. Stability of class II treatment with the bionator followed by fixed appliances. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21:547\u201353.","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"313_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw035","volume":"39","author":"SN Papageorgiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papageorgiou SN, Koretsi V, J\u00e4ger A. Bias from historical control groups used in orthodontic research: a meta-epidemiological study. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39:98\u2013105 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjw035.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"313_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju007","volume":"37","author":"JS Antoun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antoun JS, Cameron C, Sew Hoy W, Herbison P, Farella M. Evidence of secular trends in a collection of historical craniofacial growth studies. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37:60\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cju007.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90116-3","volume":"60","author":"S Baumrind","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements. 2. Conventional angular and linear measures. Am J Orthod. 1971;60(5):505\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90116-3.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod."}],"container-title":["Progress in Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40510-020-00313-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40510-020-00313-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40510-020-00313-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T23:18:22Z","timestamp":1621293502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/progressinorthodontics.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40510-020-00313-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40510-020-00313-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-1042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-1042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No ethics approval was needed for this study as it used data from the American Academy of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collections Project.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}