{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:19:15Z","timestamp":1793780355582,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prog Orthod."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determining the right time for orthodontic treatment is one of the most important factors affecting the treatment plan and its outcome. The aim of this study is to estimate the mandibular growth stage based on cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) in lateral cephalometric radiographs using artificial intelligence. Unlike previous studies, which use conventional CVM stage naming, our proposed method directly correlates cervical vertebrae with mandibular growth slope.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and materials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct this study, first, information of people achieved in American Association of Orthodontics Foundation (AAOF) growth centers was assessed and after considering the entry and exit criteria, a total of 200 people, 108 women and 92 men, were included in the study. Then, the length of the mandible in the lateral cephalometric radiographs that were taken serially from the patients was calculated. The corresponding graphs were labeled based on the growth rate of the mandible in 3 stages; before the growth peak of puberty (pre-pubertal), during the growth peak of puberty (pubertal) and after the growth peak of puberty (post-pubertal). A total of 663 images were selected for evaluation using artificial intelligence. These images were evaluated with different deep learning-based artificial intelligence models considering the diagnostic measures of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). We also employed weighted kappa statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the diagnosis of pre-pubertal stage, the convolutional neural network (CNN) designed for this study has the higher sensitivity and NPV (0.84, 0.91 respectively) compared to ResNet-18 model. The ResNet-18 model had better performance in other diagnostic measures of the pre-pubertal stage and all measures in the pubertal and post-pubertal stages. The highest overall diagnostic accuracy was also obtained using ResNet-18 model with the amount of 87.5% compared to 81% in designed CNN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The artificial intelligence model trained in this study can receive images of cervical vertebrae and predict mandibular growth status by classifying it into one of three groups; before the growth spurt (pre-pubertal), during the growth spurt (pubertal), and after the growth spurt (post-pubertal). The highest accuracy is in post-pubertal stage with the designed networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-024-00527-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T20:01:18Z","timestamp":1719172878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Estimating mandibular growth stage based on cervical vertebral maturation in lateral cephalometric radiographs using artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sajjad Alipour","family":"Shoari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Vahid","family":"Sadrolashrafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aydin","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Afrouzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooya","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Kouhsoltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minou Kouh","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70272-0","volume":"113","author":"PL Sadowsky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sadowsky PL. 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