{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:38:01Z","timestamp":1786624681850,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine (KFRM) grant funded by the Korea government","award":["RS-2026-25501260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25501260"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea governmen","award":["RS-2025-23523761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-23523761"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00404418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00404418"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2025-02233107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02233107"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government","award":["RS-2025-00556118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00556118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nano Convergence"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-026-00567-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:49:31Z","timestamp":1785401371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical OCT computation-modeled prognosis of coronary plaque progression with validation by fusogenic macrophage nano-targeting"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sewoom","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Su","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyong","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Youn","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeongyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chansik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seul-Gee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hak-Joon","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"567_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.08.014","volume":"14","author":"M Araki","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Araki, T. Yonetsu, O. Kurihara, A. Nakajima, H. Lee, T. Soeda et al., Predictors of rapid plaque progression: an optical coherence tomography study. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 14(8), 1628\u20131638 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.08.014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Imaging."},{"issue":"11","key":"567_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.2910","volume":"8","author":"J-Q Mol","year":"2023","unstructured":"J.-Q. Mol, R.H. Volleberg, A. Belkacemi, R.S. Hermanides, M. Meuwissen, A.V. Protopopov et al., Fractional flow reserve\u2013negative high-risk plaques and clinical outcomes after myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 8(11), 1013\u20131021 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.2910","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"567_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28753","volume":"97","author":"J Weerts","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Weerts, T. Pustjens, E. Amin, M. Ilhan, L.F. Veenstra, R.A. Theunissen et al., Long-term outcome after deferred revascularization due to negative fractional flow reserve in intermediate coronary lesions. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 97(2), 247\u2013256 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28753","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"issue":"1","key":"567_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44325-025-00048-8","volume":"2","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"L. Wang, Y. Zhu, C. Zhao, A. Maehara, R. Lv, X. Guo et al., Role of biomechanical factors in plaque rupture and erosion: insight from intravascular imaging based computational modeling. NPJ Cardiovasc. Health 2(1), 12 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44325-025-00048-8","journal-title":"NPJ Cardiovasc. Health"},{"key":"567_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.05.013","volume":"376","author":"D Hakim","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Hakim, N. Pinilla-Echeverri, A.U. Coskun, Z. Pu, O.A. Kajander, D. Rupert et al., The role of endothelial shear stress, shear stress gradient, and plaque topography in plaque erosion. Atherosclerosis 376, 11\u201318 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.05.013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"567_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs217","volume":"96","author":"JJ Wentzel","year":"2012","unstructured":"J.J. Wentzel, Y.S. Chatzizisis, F.J. Gijsen, G.D. Giannoglou, C.L. Feldman, P.H. Stone, Endothelial shear stress in the evolution of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and vascular remodelling: current understanding and remaining questions. Cardiovasc. Res. 96(2), 234\u2013243 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvs217","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"567_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.024","volume":"12","author":"E Yamamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"E. Yamamoto, V. Thondapu, E. Poon, T. Sugiyama, F. Fracassi, J. Dijkstra et al., Endothelial shear stress and plaque erosion: a computational fluid dynamics and optical coherence tomography study. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 12(2), 374\u2013375 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.07.024","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"567_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00668-4","volume":"19","author":"SE Engelen","year":"2022","unstructured":"S.E. Engelen, A.J. Robinson, Y.-X. Zurke, C. Monaco, Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation and immunity in atherosclerosis: how to proceed? Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 19(8), 522\u2013542 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-021-00668-4","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"567_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C621","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00156.2010","volume":"299","author":"B Melchior","year":"2010","unstructured":"B. Melchior, J.A. Frangos, Shear-induced endothelial cell-cell junction inclination. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 299(3), C621\u2013C629 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00156.2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"567_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000253492.45717.46","volume":"27","author":"J Suo","year":"2007","unstructured":"J. Suo, D.E. Ferrara, D. Sorescu, R.E. Guldberg, W.R. Taylor, D.P. Giddens, Hemodynamic shear stresses in mouse aortas: implications for atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27(2), 346\u2013351 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.ATV.0000253492.45717.46","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"17","key":"567_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf233","volume":"121","author":"C Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"C. Park, K.I. Baek, R.-C. Hung, L. Choi, K. Jeong, P. Kim et al., Disturbed flow induces reprogramming of endothelial cells to immune-like and foam cells under hypercholesterolemia during atherogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res. 121(17), 2679\u20132699 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf233","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"567_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303415","volume":"34","author":"CM Warboys","year":"2014","unstructured":"C.M. Warboys, A. de Luca, N. Amini, L. Luong, H. Duckles, S. Hsiao et al., Disturbed flow promotes endothelial senescence via a p53-dependent pathway. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34(5), 985\u2013995 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303415","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"567_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06206-z","volume":"14","author":"P Hou","year":"2023","unstructured":"P. Hou, J. Fang, Z. Liu, Y. Shi, M. Agostini, F. Bernassola et al., Macrophage polarization and metabolism in atherosclerosis. Cell Death Dis. 14(10), 691 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-023-06206-z","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"567_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104353","volume":"105","author":"P Libby","year":"2002","unstructured":"P. Libby, P.M. Ridker, A. Maseri, Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105(9), 1135\u20131143 (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hc0902.104353","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"567_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00883-1","volume":"20","author":"IA Tamargo","year":"2023","unstructured":"I.A. Tamargo, K.I. Baek, Y. Kim, C. Park, H. Jo, Flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 20(11), 738\u2013753 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-023-00883-1","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"8-9","key":"567_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.03.002","volume":"223","author":"H Prebble","year":"2018","unstructured":"H. Prebble, S. Cross, E. Marks, J. Healy, E. Searle, R. Aamir et al., Induced macrophage activation in live excised atherosclerotic plaque. Immunobiology 223(8\u20139), 526\u2013535 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.03.002","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"567_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02483.x","volume":"5","author":"B Ibanez","year":"2007","unstructured":"B. Ibanez, G. Vilahur, J. Badimon, Plaque progression and regression in atherothrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 5, 292\u2013299 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02483.x","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"12","key":"567_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.032","volume":"78","author":"T Adriaenssens","year":"2021","unstructured":"T. Adriaenssens, M.P. Allard-Ratick, V. Thondapu, T. Sugiyama, O.C. Raffel, P. Barlis et al., Optical coherence tomography of coronary plaque progression and destabilization: JACC focus seminar Part 3\/3. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 78(12), 1275\u20131287 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.032","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"567_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244015","volume":"15","author":"N Okamoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"N. Okamoto, Y. Vengrenyuk, V. Fuster, H. Samady, K. Yasumura, U. Baber et al., Relationship between high shear stress and OCT-verified thin-cap fibroatheroma in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS ONE 15(12), e0244015 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"567_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-019-00425-2","volume":"10","author":"R Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"R. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zheng, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, L. Yi, Automated detection of vulnerable plaque for intravascular optical coherence tomography images. Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol. 10(4), 590\u2013603 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13239-019-00425-2","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"567_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2016:29:2","volume":"11","author":"K Toutouzas","year":"2016","unstructured":"K. Toutouzas, A. Karanasos, D. Tousoulis, Optical coherence tomography for the detection of the vulnerable plaque. Eur. Cardiol. Rev. 11(2), 90 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/ecr.2016:29:2","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"567_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.07.027","volume":"8","author":"JE Phipps","year":"2015","unstructured":"J.E. Phipps, D. Vela, T. Hoyt, D.L. Halaney, J.J. Mancuso, L.M. Buja et al., Macrophages and intravascular OCT bright spots: a quantitative study. JACC Cardiovasc. Imag. 8(1), 63\u201372 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.07.027","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imag."},{"issue":"21","key":"567_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1995-y","volume":"72","author":"A Sica","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. Sica, M. Erreni, P. Allavena, C. Porta, Macrophage polarization in pathology. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72(21), 4111\u20134126 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-015-1995-y","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"567_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1185587","volume":"14","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"J. Wu, S. He, Z. Song, S. Chen, X. Lin, H. Sun et al., Macrophage polarization states in atherosclerosis. Front. Immunol. 14, 1185587 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1185587","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"567_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0763-4_7","author":"AK McNally","year":"2011","unstructured":"A.K. McNally, J.M. Anderson, Macrophage fusion and multinucleated giant cells of inflammation. Cell Fusion Health Dis. (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-0763-4_7","journal-title":"Cell Fusion Health Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"567_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00629-x","volume":"19","author":"W Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"W. Chen, M. Schilperoort, Y. Cao, J. Shi, I. Tabas, W. Tao, Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 19(4), 228\u2013249 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-021-00629-x","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"567_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47841","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Wang, K. Zhang, T. Li, A. Maruf, X. Qin, L. Luo et al., Macrophage membrane functionalized biomimetic nanoparticles for targeted anti-atherosclerosis applications. Theranostics 11(1), 164 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.47841","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"7","key":"567_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00931-2","volume":"16","author":"IK Herrmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"I.K. Herrmann, M.J.A. Wood, G. Fuhrmann, Extracellular vesicles as a next-generation drug delivery platform. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16(7), 748\u2013759 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-021-00931-2","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"567_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.02.006","volume":"189","author":"PJ Brooks","year":"2019","unstructured":"P.J. Brooks, M. Glogauer, C.A. McCulloch, An overview of the derivation and function of multinucleated giant cells and their role in pathologic processes. Am. J. Pathol. 189(6), 1145\u20131158 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.02.006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"567_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2015.1027815","volume":"48","author":"T Shirai","year":"2015","unstructured":"T. Shirai, M. Hilhorst, D.G. Harrison, J.J. Goronzy, C.M. Weyand, Macrophages in vascular inflammation\u2013from atherosclerosis to vasculitis. Autoimmunity 48(3), 139\u2013151 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08916934.2015.1027815","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"567_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2001","volume":"12","author":"GK Hansson","year":"2011","unstructured":"G.K. Hansson, A. Hermansson, The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat. Immunol. 12(3), 204\u2013212 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"40","key":"567_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202101558","volume":"33","author":"HS Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"H.S. Kim, Y.M. Shin, S. Chung, D. Kim, D.B. Park, S. Baek et al., Cell-membrane-derived nanoparticles with notch-1 suppressor delivery promote hypoxic cell\u2013cell packing and inhibit angiogenesis acting as a two-edged sword. Adv. Mater. 33(40), 2101558 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202101558","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"21","key":"567_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201586","volume":"11","author":"SJ Yoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"S.J. Yoon, S. Baek, S.E. Yu, E. Jo, D. Lee, J.K. Shim et al., Tissue niche miniature of glioblastoma patient treated with nano-awakeners to induce suicide of cancer stem cells. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11(21), 2201586 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202201586","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"issue":"22","key":"567_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102640","volume":"8","author":"HJ Yoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"H.J. Yoon, Y.S. Chung, Y.J. Lee, S.E. Yu, S. Baek, H.S. Kim et al., Cancer patient tissueoid with self-homing nano-targeting of metabolic inhibitor. Adv. Sci. 8(22), 2102640 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202102640","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"567_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-016-1055-1","volume":"33","author":"P Eshtehardi","year":"2017","unstructured":"P. Eshtehardi, A.J. Brown, A. Bhargava, C. Costopoulos, O.Y. Hung, M.T. Corban et al., High wall shear stress and high-risk plaque: an emerging concept. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 33(7), 1089\u20131099 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10554-016-1055-1","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"567_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2009","volume":"91","author":"J-J Chiu","year":"2011","unstructured":"J.-J. Chiu, S. Chien, Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives. Physiol. Rev. 91(1), 327\u2013387 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00047.2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"7855","key":"567_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","volume":"592","author":"P Libby","year":"2021","unstructured":"P. Libby, The changing landscape of atherosclerosis. Nature 592(7855), 524\u2013533 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"567_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117650","volume":"95","author":"MF Iademarco","year":"1995","unstructured":"M.F. Iademarco, J.L. Barks, D.C. Dean, Regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by IL-4 and TNF-alpha in cultured endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 95(1), 264\u2013271 (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI117650","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"11","key":"567_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01023-z","volume":"21","author":"Y D\u00f6ring","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. D\u00f6ring, E.P. van der Vorst, C. Weber, Targeting immune cell recruitment in atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 21(11), 824\u2013840 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-024-01023-z","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"567_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","volume":"118","author":"MA Gimbrone Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"M.A. Gimbrone Jr., G. Garc\u00eda-Carde\u00f1a, Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 118(4), 620\u2013636 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"567_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.1991.28725","volume":"14","author":"CS Dickson","year":"1991","unstructured":"C.S. Dickson, J.A. Magovern, Transverse versus longitudinal arteriotomy: an experimental study in dogs. J. Vasc. Surg. 14(2), 181\u2013183 (1991). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mva.1991.28725","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"567_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.164","volume":"13","author":"K Yahagi","year":"2016","unstructured":"K. Yahagi, F.D. Kolodgie, F. Otsuka, A.V. Finn, H.R. Davis, M. Joner et al., Pathophysiology of native coronary, vein graft, and in-stent atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 13(2), 79\u201398 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.164","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"567_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.203","volume":"13","author":"AJ Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"A.J. Brown, Z. Teng, P.C. Evans, J.H. Gillard, H. Samady, M.R. Bennett, Role of biomechanical forces in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 13(4), 210\u2013220 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.203","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"567_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.03.069","volume":"407","author":"S Takahashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Takahashi, T. Ito, Y. Zenimaru, J. Suzuki, I. Miyamori, M. Takahashi et al., Species differences of macrophage very low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor protein expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 407(4), 656\u2013662 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.03.069","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"567_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02246","volume":"9","author":"LA Waddell","year":"2018","unstructured":"L.A. Waddell, L. Lefevre, S.J. Bush, A. Raper, R. Young, Z.M. Lisowski et al., ADGRE1 (EMR1, F4\/80) is a rapidly-evolving gene expressed in mammalian monocyte-macrophages. Front. Immunol. 9, 2246 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02246","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"567_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5603\/4528","volume":"45","author":"GJ Lis","year":"2007","unstructured":"G.J. Lis, J.A. Litwin, A. Furgal-Borzych, J. Zarzecka, T. Cichocki, Macrophage-specific RAM11 monoclonal antibody cross-reacts with basal cells of stratified squamous epithelia. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 45(3), 229\u2013232 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/4528","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"567_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H735","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00657.2023","volume":"326","author":"M Freeman","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Freeman, E. Huethorst, E. Boland, M. Dunne, F. Burton, C. Denning et al., A novel method for the percutaneous induction of myocardial infarction by occlusion of small coronary arteries in the rabbit. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 326(3), H735\u2013H751 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00657.2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"issue":"17","key":"567_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1107","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-24-00167","volume":"20","author":"M Tokcan","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Tokcan, J. Federspiel, L. Lauder, M. Hohl, H. Al Ghorani, S. Kulenthiran et al., Characterisation and distribution of human coronary artery innervation. EuroIntervention 20(17), e1107 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4244\/EIJ-D-24-00167","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"issue":"4","key":"567_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2762520","volume":"22","author":"A Lambros","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Lambros, R.N. Farhad, Z.G. Micheli, C.L. Augusto, A.L. Pedro, M. Jose, Optimized computer-aided segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction using intracoronary optical coherence tomography. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 22(4), 1168\u20131176 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2762520","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"issue":"1","key":"567_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02124-y","volume":"10","author":"F Guan","year":"2025","unstructured":"F. Guan, R. Wang, Z. Yi, P. Luo, W. Liu, Y. Xie et al., Tissue macrophages: origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 10(1), 93 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-025-02124-y","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"567_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.02.015","volume":"35","author":"L Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"L. Xie, J. Chen, H. Hu, Y. Zhu, X. Wang, S. Zhou et al., Engineered M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles with platelet membrane fusion for targeted therapy of atherosclerosis. Bioactive Mater. 35, 447\u2013460 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.02.015","journal-title":"Bioactive Mater."},{"issue":"30","key":"567_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202315310","volume":"34","author":"H Ha","year":"2024","unstructured":"H. Ha, S. Baek, K. Lee, S. Cho, M.J. Cho, S. Chung et al., Artificial vasa-vasorum serves as an on-site regenerative promoter of cell-free vascular grafting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(30), 2315310 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adfm.202315310","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."}],"container-title":["Nano Convergence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40580-026-00567-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40580-026-00567-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40580-026-00567-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:16:22Z","timestamp":1786623382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40580-026-00567-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40580-026-00567-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-5404"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-5404","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: Equal contribution statement has been included.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"38"}}