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Epidemiol."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assesses the impact of heatwaves on road safety in five Qu\u00e9bec cities (Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec City, Laval, Longueuil, and Sherbrooke) from June to September 2015\u20132022. Using Urban Heat Island (UHI), 90th and 95th percentile thresholds for heatwaves, we analyze their effects on collisions, traffic injuries, and killed and seriously injured (KSI) cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traffic data were analyzed across two heatwave definitions, utilizing a time-stratified case-crossover design. UHI was approximated using the annual maximum of mean warm-season land surface temperatures (LST) derived from Landsat 8 (30\u00a0m resolution) over three consecutive years, identifying areas that stay hotter during the day and radiate excess heat at night. Heatwaves were defined as periods of at least two consecutive days with mean temperatures exceeding the historical 90th or 95th percentile of mean temperatures. Negative Binomial regression models were used to examine associations between UHI, heatwave events and traffic incidents. Models controlled for time varying variables such as rainfall, seasonality, and COVID-19 impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heatwaves, particularly at the 95th percentile threshold, significantly increased traffic incidents in Montr\u00e9al and Longueuil. In Sherbrooke, the 90th percentile threshold showed significant effects on collisions and injuries, while Qu\u00e9bec City and Laval exhibit no significant associations. UHIs show a modest overall increase in collisions (IRR: 1.07) but limited effects on traffic injuries and KSI. Differences across cities highlight Montr\u00e9al's higher IRR for collisions under heatwaves and lower IRR for KSI compared to Qu\u00e9bec and Longueuil respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion\u00a0and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate that cities like Montr\u00e9al and Longueuil, with slightly stronger UHI and higher susceptibility to heatwaves, face increased road safety risks. However, UHI levels in Montr\u00e9al were not significantly different from those in other cities, and heatwaves at the 95th percentile showed variability across regions. These findings highlight the need for targeted climate-adaptive strategies, such as green spaces and heat-reflective materials, to mitigate risks. Integrating climate resilience into urban planning remains critical as extreme weather events grow more frequent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-025-00564-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T05:53:06Z","timestamp":1740721986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The influence of heatwaves on traffic safety in five cities across Qu\u00e9bec with different thermal landscapes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Nazif-Munoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid Najafi Moghaddam","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juwel","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernani","family":"Choma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Guillermo","family":"Cedeno-Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.12.020","volume":"39","author":"M Aldrin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aldrin M, Haff IH. 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Scie Total Environ. 2020;720 (junio):137482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137482.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137482"}],"container-title":["Injury Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40621-025-00564-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40621-025-00564-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40621-025-00564-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T05:53:16Z","timestamp":1740721996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injepijournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40621-025-00564-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40621-025-00564-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-1714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-1714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The crash data that support the findings of this study are available\n                      from Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l'assurance automobile du Qu\u00e9bec,\n                      but restrictions apply to their availability, which were used under license for the current study and so are not publicly available. UHI [mean warm-season land surface temperature (LST)] was obtained from the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium under the CANUE Data Use and Sharing Agreement. Meteorological data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and materials"}}],"article-number":"12"}}