{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:37:42Z","timestamp":1792654662181,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":176,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high loads on adolescent athletes\u2019 musculoskeletal system are known to cause morphological and degenerative changes in bone, intervertebral discs and joints. It has been suggested that the cam deformity of the proximal femoral head originates from a subclinical slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) as a result of non\u2010physiological loading. The perichondrial fibrocartilaginous complex (PFC) and the epiphyseal tubercle are believed to stabilise the proximal femoral epiphysis, but their role is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to develop an experimental, biomechanical model to evaluate the strength of the porcine proximal femoral epiphysis in different loading directions and, furthermore, to investigate the stabilising role of the PFC and the epiphyseal tubercle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A descriptive laboratory study. An <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> model was developed and nine young (5\u00a0months) porcine proximal femoral epiphyses were loaded to failure; three in the anterior\u2010posterior direction, three in the lateral\u2010medial direction and three in the vertical direction. The injured proximal femoral epiphyses were then examined both macroscopically and histologically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anterior and lateral loading of the proximal femoral epiphysis resulted in failure of the epiphyseal plate, while vertical loading resulted in a fracture epiphyseolysis. The epiphysis was weakest when exposed to a lateral load and strongest when exposed to a vertical load. Despite histological epiphyseolysis, the PFC was intact in 15 of 27 (56%) slices. In histological examinations, the epiphyseal tubercle appears to halt the slide of the epiphysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have developed an experimental, biomechanical model to measure the strength of the proximal femoral epiphyseal plate in different loading directions. The strength of the proximal femur was weakest through the epiphyseal plate. The epiphysis was weakest when exposed to a lateral load and strongest when exposed to a vertical load. The epiphyseal tubercle and the PFC stabilise the epiphysis when the epiphyseal plate is damaged. The findings in the present study indicate that overloading the hips in growing individuals can disrupt the epiphyseal plate. These findings may have implications when it comes to understanding the pathogenesis of cam deformity of the hip.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-014-0004-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T16:03:29Z","timestamp":1403712209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Strength of the porcine proximal femoral epiphyseal plate: the effect of different loading directions and the role of the perichondrial fibrocartilaginous complex and epiphyseal tubercle \u2013 an experimental biomechanical study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"P\u00e1ll Sigurgeir","family":"J\u00f3nasson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sw\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6stersund Hospital \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Sansone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthocenter\/IFK\u2010KLINIKEN Sports Medicine Clinic Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Ahld\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthocenter\/IFK\u2010KLINIKEN Sports Medicine Clinic Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3n","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adad","family":"Baranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195638050-00009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Exercise as an influence upon growth","volume":"8","author":"Malina RM","year":"1969","journal-title":"Review and critique of current concepts. 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