{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:18:23Z","timestamp":1773620303759,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":316,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed whether local anaesthetics caused inhibition of proteoglycan metabolism in human articular cartilage and whether the addition of Glucosamine sulphate could prevent or allow recovery from this adverse effect on articular cartilage metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cartilage explants obtained from 13 femoral heads from fracture neck of femur patients (average age 80 years, 10 female) were exposed to either 1% Lidocaine, 2% Lidocaine, 0.25% Bupivacaine, 0.5% Bupivacaine, 0.5% Levo\u2010bupivacaine or a control solution (M199 culture medium). Glucosamine\u20106\u2010Sulphate was added during or 1 h after exposure to 0.5% Bupivacaine to assess its protective and reparative effects. After exposure, the explants were incubated in culture medium containing radio labelled 35\u2010sulphate and uptake was measured after 16 h to give an assessment of proteoglycan metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The reduction in 35\u2010S uptake compared to control was 65% for 1% Lidocaine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), 79% for 2% Lidocaine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), 61% for 0.25% Bupivacaine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), 85% for 0.5% Bupivacaine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and 77% for 0.5% Levobupivacaine (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Glucosamine was able to protect the articular cartilage by reducing the inhibition of proteoglycan metabolism of 0.5% Bupivacaine from 85 to 30% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). When added after 0.5% Bupivacaine exposure, Glucosamine allowed some recovery with inhibition of metabolism to 70% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results showed that all local anaesthetic solutions inhibited proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage and the addition of Glucosamine was able to reduce the inhibition of metabolism caused by 0.5% Bupivacaine. Intra\u2010articular injection of local anaesthetics requires careful consideration of risks and benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-017-0106-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T06:50:51Z","timestamp":1510555851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glucosamine reduces the inhibition of proteoglycan metabolism caused by local anaesthetic solution in human articular cartilage: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Gulihar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Princess Royal University Hospital Farnborough Kent 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