{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:58:06Z","timestamp":1791550686090,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,22]],"date-time":"2018-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":172,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The present work was funded by the German-Austrian-Swiss Society for Orthopaedic Traumatologic Sports Medicine (GOTS)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. exp. orthop."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle injuries are some of the most common injuries in sports; they have a high recurrence rate and can result in the loss of ability to participate in training or competition. In clinical practice, a wide variety of treatment strategies are commonly applied. However, a limited amount of evidence\u2010based data exists, and most therapeutic approaches are solely based on \u201cbest practice\u201d. Thus, there is a need for consensus to provide strategies and recommendations for the treatment of muscle injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 2016 GOTS Expert Meeting, initiated by the German\u2010Austrian\u2010Swiss Society for Orthopaedic Traumatologic Sports Medicine (GOTS), focused on the topic of muscle and tendon injuries and was held in Spreewald\/Berlin, Germany. The committee was composed of twenty\u2010two medical specialists. Nine of them were delegated to a subcommittee focusing on the nonoperative treatment of muscle injuries. The recommendations and statements that were developed were reviewed by the entire consensus committee and voted on by the members.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The committee reached a consensus on the utility and effectiveness of the management of muscle injuries. Main results: the \u201cPRICE\u201d principle to target the first inflammatory response is one of the most relevant steps in the treatment of muscle injuries. Haematoma aspiration may be considered in the early stages after injury. There is presently no clear evidence that intramuscular injections are of use in the treatment of muscle injuries. The ingestion of non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be regarded critically because there is currently no hard evidence to support their use, although they are appropriate in exceptional cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present work provides a structured overview of the various nonoperative treatment strategies of muscle injuries and evaluates their effectiveness with respect to the existing scientific evidence and clinical expertise in the context of basic science on the healing process of muscle injuries. The committee agreed that there is a compelling need for further studies, including high\u2010quality randomized investigations to completely evaluate the effectiveness of the existing therapeutic approaches. The given recommendations may be updated and adjusted as further evidence will be generated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-018-0139-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T22:25:34Z","timestamp":1529619934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Nonoperative treatment of muscle injuries \u2010 recommendations from the GOTS expert meeting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Hotfiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010University Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg Rathsbergerstra\u00dfe 57 D\u201091054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Seil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Clinique d\u2019Eich \u2010 Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg"},{"name":"Sports Medicine Research Laboratory Luxembourg Institute of Health Luxembourg Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Bily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Wilhelminenspital Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gokeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics Sports Medicine and Science Luxembourg City Luxembourg"},{"name":"Exercise Science and Neuroscience Department Exercise &amp; Health Faculty of Science Paderborn University Paderborn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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