{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:12:31Z","timestamp":1791493951247,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Abionic SA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICMx"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pancreatic stone protein (PSP) exhibits potential as a plasma biomarker for infection diagnosis and risk stratification in critically ill patients, but its significance in nosocomial infection and intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired bloodstream infection (BSI) remains unclear. This study explores the temporal responses of PSP in ICU-acquired BSI caused by different pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From a large cohort of ICU patients, we selected episodes of ICU-acquired BSI caused by Gram-negative rods (GNRs), enterococci, or <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species. Events were matched on length of ICU stay at infection onset, Severe Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, presence of immune deficiency, and use of renal replacement therapy. PSP concentrations were measured at infection onset (T0) and at 24, 48 and 72\u00a0h prior to infection onset as defined by the first occurrence of a positive blood culture. Absolute and trend differences in PSP levels between pathogen groups were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Sensitivity analyses were performed in events with a new or worsening systematic inflammatory response based on C-reactive protein, white cell count and fever.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analysed 30 BSI cases per pathogen group. Median (IQR) BSI onset was on day 9 (6\u201312). Overall, PSP levels were high (381 (237\u2013539) ng\/ml), with 18% of values exceeding the assay\u2019s measurement range. Across all 90 BSI cases, there was no clear trend over time (median change 34 (\u2212\u200975\u2013189) ng\/ml from T-72 to T0). PSP concentrations at infection onset were 406 (229\u2013497), 350 (223\u2013608), and 480 (327\u2013965) ng\/ml, for GNR, enterococci, and <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.32). At every time point, absolute PSP levels and trends did not differ significantly between pathogens. PSP values at T0 correlated with SOFA scores. Eighteen (20%) of 90 BSI events did not exhibit a systemic inflammatory response, primarily in <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species. No clear change in PSP concentration before BSI onset or between-group differences were found in sensitivity analyses of 72 cases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Against a background of overall (very) high plasma PSP levels in critically ill patients, we did not find clear temporal patterns or any pathogen-specific differences in PSP response in the days preceding onset of ICU-acquired BSI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-024-00634-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T15:08:55Z","timestamp":1716908935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Examining pancreatic stone protein response in ICU-acquired bloodstream infections: a matched event analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7930-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diede","family":"Verlaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennie P. G.","family":"Derde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"van der Poll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J. M.","family":"Bonten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf L.","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"634_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041085","volume":"11","author":"P Fidalgo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fidalgo P, Nora D, Coelho L, Povoa P (2022) Pancreatic stone protein: review of a new biomarker in sepsis. J Clin Med 11(4):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11041085","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"634_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2018-0194","volume":"2","author":"P Eggimann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eggimann P, Que YA, Rebeaud F (2019) Measurement of pancreatic stone protein in the identification and management of sepsis. Biomark Med 2:135\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/bmm-2018-0194","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"634_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13054-021-03576-8","volume":"25","author":"J Pugin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pugin J et al (2021) Serial measurement of pancreatic stone protein for the early detection of sepsis in intensive care unit patients: a prospective multicentric study. 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Additionally, this study was approved by the UMCU Biobank Research Ethics Committee (protocol number 21-405).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"DV, LD, TvdP, MB and OC declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the subject matter.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}