{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:50:36Z","timestamp":1780638636642,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICMx"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mechanical power (MP) serves as a crucial predictive indicator for ventilator-induced lung injury and plays a pivotal role in tailoring the management of mechanical ventilation. However, its application across different diseases and stages remains nuanced.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using AmsterdamUMCdb, we conducted a retrospective study to analyze the causal relationship between MP and outcomes of invasive mechanical ventilation, specifically SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ratio (P\/F) and ventilator-free days at day 28 (VFD28). We employed causal inferential analysis with backdoor linear regression and double machine learning, guided by directed acyclic graphs, to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) in the whole population and conditional average treatment effect (CATE) in the individual cohort. Additionally, to enhance interpretability and identify MP thresholds, we conducted a simulation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In the study, we included 11,110 unique admissions into analysis, of which 58.3% (6391) were surgical admissions. We revealed a negative and significant causal effect of median MP on VFD28, with estimated ATEs of \u22120.135 (95% confidence interval [CI]: \u22120.15 to \u22120.121). The similar effect was not observed in Maximal MP and minimal MP. The effect of MP was more pronounced in the medical subgroup, with a CATE of \u22120.173 (95% CI: \u22120.197 to \u22120.143) determined through backdoor linear regression. Patients with cardio, respiratory, and infection diagnoses, who required long-term intubation, sustained higher impact on CATEs across various admission diagnoses. Our simulations showed that there is no single MP threshold that can be applied to all patients, as the optimal threshold varies depending on the patient\u2019s condition.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study underscores the importance of tailoring MP adjustments on an individualized basis in ventilator management. This approach opens up new avenues for personalized treatment strategies and provides fresh insights into the real-time impact of MP in diverse clinical scenarios. It highlights the significance of median MP while acknowledging the absence of universally applicable thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-025-00736-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T12:23:07Z","timestamp":1740745387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Elucidating the causal relationship of mechanical power and lung injury: a dynamic approach to ventilator management"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"ChaoPing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arif","family":"Canakoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Vine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anya","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronit","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Kashiouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyush","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Ercole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Elbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken Koon","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1646-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirban","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4534-x","volume":"42","author":"JJ Marini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marini JJ, Jaber S (2016) Dynamic predictors of VILI risk: beyond the driving pressure. 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Consent to participate and adherence to the ethics guidelines were as per the guidelines set by AmsterdamUMCdb. More information is available at .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author JV is supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (grant number T32HL155020).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}