{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:02:41Z","timestamp":1773043361841,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020297","name":"Abiomed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006356","name":"University of Southern Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICMx"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Low systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a key criterion for diagnosing cardiogenic shock (CS) caused by a reduction in stroke volume and cardiac output (CO). The temporal interaction between changes in pressure and flow has not been well described in the development of CS. In a large animal model, we assessed the temporal relationships of SBP, CO, and blood flow in the carotid artery during induction of CS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Fifteen adult Danish landrace pigs (median weight 71\u00a0kg) underwent CS induction by stepwise injection of polyvinyl alcohol microspheres into the left main coronary artery every 3 min to induce microvascular obstruction. After each injection, CO, SBP, and mixed venous saturation (SvO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were recorded simultaneously from a ventricle sheath in the carotid artery and a pulmonary artery catheter in the right internal jugular vein. A Doppler flow probe measured blood flow in the left carotid artery. CS was defined as a\u2009\u2265\u200950% reduction in CO or SvO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> from baseline, or absolute SvO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u200930%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>CS occurred after a mean of 8 (range 5 to 19) boluses of microspheres. SBP declined from 99 (\u00b1\u200915) mmHg to 74 (\u00b1\u20096) mmHg, equal to 74 (\u00b1\u200913)% of the baseline value. CO was reduced to 5.8 (\u00b1\u20090.7) L\/min to 2.2 (\u00b1\u20091.3) L\/min, equal to 38 (\u00b1\u200923)% and SvO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> from 63 (\u00b1\u20097)% to 37 (\u00b1\u20097)%, equal to 60 (\u00b1\u200913)% of baseline values. The decrease in CO was due to a reduction to 43 (\u00b1\u200926)% in stroke volume, as heart rate remained unchanged. The carotid artery blood flow was reduced from 285 (\u00b1\u200950) mL\/min to 155 (\u00b1\u200956) mL\/min, equal to 54% of baseline values. The decline in SvO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CO preceded a reduction in SBP, and after 25% of emboli were given, CO decreased by 24% while SBP was unchanged.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In a porcine model of ischemic myocardial injury, the decrease in blood flow and stroke volume preceded a decline in SBP, suggesting pressure preservation occurs in the presence of hypoperfusion.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-025-00802-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T12:23:39Z","timestamp":1756729419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of changes in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output during cardiogenic shock development in a porcine model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1235-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Svanekjaer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeppe K. 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