{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:16:58Z","timestamp":1789186618509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICMx"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication of sepsis, contributing to poor outcomes and increased mortality. Early detection remains challenging due to the absence of observable direct brain injury. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography provides a non-invasive, bedside tool for assessing cerebral hemodynamics and may help identify patients at risk. SAE was defined as new-onset delirium (positive CAM-ICU) or unexplained coma (GCS\u2009&lt;\u20098) not attributable to structural or metabolic causes. This study aimed to evaluate the role of TCD in predicting the incidence and prognosis of SAE in septic patients admitted to the ICU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study included 93 patients with sepsis. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded upon admission. Daily TCD was performed for seven consecutive days to measure the pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI). Neurological dysfunction was assessed daily using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 93 patients were included, of whom 44 (47.3%) developed SAE. SAE patients showed greater illness severity, with higher median SOFA (6 [5\u20137] vs. 5 [3\u20136], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and APACHE II (14 [12\u201317] vs. 11 [9\u201314], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) scores, and higher 28-day mortality (61.4% vs. 22.4%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The median PI and RI were consistently higher in SAE patients across all study days, while the mean flow velocity (mFV) was lower. PI on day 1 had the best accuracy for predicting SAE, with a cutoff\u2009\u2265\u20091.30 (AUC: 0.963, sensitivity 95.45%, specificity 100%). RI on day 3 was also highly predictive (AUC: 0.971, cutoff\u2009\u2265\u20090.67, sensitivity 95.45%, specificity 95.92%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this sample of septic patients, PI and RI are strong predictors of SAE, with PI serving as a reliable early indicator of both SAE and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial Preregistration<\/jats:italic>\n                      The study was registered in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry: PACTR202410707982429, date: 7\/10\/2024.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-025-00826-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T04:20:17Z","timestamp":1765772417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The role of transcranial Doppler in predicting the incidence and prognosis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"pactr202410707982429","registry":"10.18810\/pactr"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0764-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanady Mohammed","family":"Elfeky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5141-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Basyouni","family":"Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5609-2595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham Naser","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2592-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Nada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5343-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa Samy","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3523-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatem Amin","family":"AttaAllah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5587-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser Ibrahim","family":"Fathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2239-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala Mohamed","family":"Koptan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1701-3","volume":"17","author":"C Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren C, Yao RQ, Zhang H, Feng YW, Yao YM (2020) Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a vicious cycle of immunosuppression. 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