{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:48:14Z","timestamp":1767768494524,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICMx"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is increasingly used in the intensive care unit for sedation and also serves as an adjuvant in general anesthesia and in procedural sedations. We tested whether dexmedetomidine at different concentrations influences the activity of the neuromuscular junction at the diaphragm and whether DEX has an impact on the action of rocuronium at the diaphragm as well as the reversal of the neuromuscular block by sugammadex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>20 male Wistar rat phrenic nerve\u2013hemidiaphragm system was used for our experiments. The concentration\u2013response characteristics of DEX and rocuronium were quantified as the depression of the force amplitude of single twitches (ST) in response to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Rocuronium concentration\u2013response curves were obtained with 0, 1, and 2.67\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml DEX concentration. After a single dose of rocuronium, sugammadex doses were given until additional doses of sugammadex were not accompanied by a further increase in ST force amplitude. The concentration\u2013response curve of sugammadex was also measured in the presence of 1\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml DEX concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DEX at different doses negligibly reduces the force of the contractions and the contractility of the diaphragm. The EC50 of rocuronium [7.74\u00a0\u00b5M (6.99\u20138.57)] did not change significantly [7.18\u00a0\u00b5M (6.58\u20137.84);\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.27] with the addition of DEX 1\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml. At 2.67\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml DEX concentration, the ED50 of rocuronium was significantly reduced [6.37\u00a0\u00b5M (5.69\u20137.13);\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015]. With 1\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml DEX concentration, the EC50 of the sugammadex [2.04\u00a0\u00b5M (1.94\u20132.14)] needed for the reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was significantly increased [2.45\u00a0\u00b5M (2.39\u20132.51);\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DEX at clinically administered doses does not significantly influence the function of the neuromuscular junction at the diaphragm. Under routine dosing conditions, the action of the neuromuscular blocking agents and their reversal by sugammadex are also not modified by DEX.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-025-00850-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:46:49Z","timestamp":1767768409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of dexmedetomidine on rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade and its reversal by sugammadex"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marianna","family":"Fedor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolett","family":"Sallai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9la","family":"F\u00fclesdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos I.","family":"F\u00e1bi\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","volume":"46","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, G\u00e9linas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJC, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL, Weinhouse GL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Balas MC, van den Boogaard M, Bosma KJ, Brummel NE, Chanques G, Denehy L, Drouot X, Fraser GL, Harris JE, Joffe AM, Kho ME, Kress JP, Lanphere JA, McKinley S, Neufeld KJ, Pisani MA, Payen JF, Pun BT, Puntillo KA, Riker RR, Robinson BRH, Shehabi Y, Szumita PM, Winkelman C, Centofanti JE, Price C, Nikayin S, Misak CJ, Flood PD, Kiedrowski K, Alhazzani W (2018) Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med 46(9):e825\u2013e873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"850_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294292","volume":"18","author":"J Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen J, Ding X, Liu C, Jiang W, Xu Y, Wei X, Liu X (2023) A comparation of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 18:e0294292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0294292","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"850_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2024.101425","volume":"43","author":"HC Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang HC, Huang CJ, Liao SF, Lee RP (2024) Effects of dexmedetomidine versus propofol on outcomes in critically ill patients with different sedation depths: a propensity score-weighted cohort study. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 43:101425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2024.101425","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"850_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.08.009","volume":"133","author":"M Carron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carron M, Tamburini E, Linassi F, Pettenuzzo T, Boscolo A, Navalesi P (2024) Efficacy of nonopioid analgesics and adjuvants in multimodal analgesia for reducing postoperative opioid consumption and complications in obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 133:1234\u20131249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2024.08.009","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"850_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216471","volume":"13","author":"B Goudra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goudra B, Sundararaman L, Chandar P, Green M (2024) Anesthesia for bronchoscopy-an update. J Clin Med 13:6471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13216471","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"850_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101306","volume":"14","author":"G Melita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melita G, Tripodi VF, Pallio S, Shahini E, Vitello A, Sinagra E, Facciorusso A, Mazzeo AT, Choudhury A, Dhar J, Samanta J, Maida MF (2024) Moderate sedation or deep sedation for ERCP: what are the preferences in the literature? Life 14(10):1306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14101306","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"850_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32833e266d","volume":"28","author":"J Mantz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mantz J, Josserand J, Hamada S (2011) Dexmedetomidine: new insights. Eur J Anaesthesiol 28(1):3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32833e266d","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"850_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198908000-00013","volume":"71","author":"MB Weinger","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weinger MB, Segal IS, Maze M (1989) Dexmedetomidine, acting through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors, prevents opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat. Anesthesiology 71:242\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-198908000-00013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"850_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-1838(00)00129-6","volume":"81","author":"ES Vizi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vizi ES, Nitahara K, Sato K, Sperl\u00e1gh B (2000) Stimulation-dependent release, breakdown, and action of endogenous ATP in mouse hemidiaphragm preparation: the possible role of ATP in neuromuscular transmission. J Auton Nerv Syst 81:278\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-1838(00)00129-6","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"850_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081771","volume":"10","author":"EA Bukharaeva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bukharaeva EA, Skorinkin AI, Samigullin DV, Petrov AM (2022) Presynaptic acetylcholine receptors modulate the time course of action potential-evoked acetylcholine quanta secretion at neuromuscular junctions. Biomedicines 10:1771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10081771","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"850_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/74.4.455","volume":"74","author":"MB Weinger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weinger MB, Partridge BL, Henry AF (1995) Dexmedetomidine does not modify the neuromuscular blocking action of vecuronium in the anaesthetized rat. Br J Anaesth 74:455\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/74.4.455","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"850_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199903000-00031","volume":"88","author":"PO Talke","year":"1999","unstructured":"Talke PO, Caldwell JE, Richardson CA, Kirkegaard-Nielsen H, Stafford M (1999) The effects of dexmedetomidine on neuromuscular blockade in human volunteers. Anesth Analg 88:633\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000539-199903000-00031","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"850_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0507-7","volume":"56","author":"MAS Weerink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P (2017) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet 56:893\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-017-0507-7","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"850_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2020.103550","volume":"108","author":"A Tsentsevitsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsentsevitsky A, Nurullin L, Tyapkina O, Bukharaeva E (2020) Sympathomimetics regulate quantal acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions through various types of adrenoreceptors. Mol Cell Neurosci 108:103550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcn.2020.103550","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"850_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04415-w","volume":"50","author":"A Arkhipov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arkhipov A, Zhilyakov N, Sibgatullina G, Nevsky E, Bukharaeva EA, Petrov AM (2025) Adrenergic modulation of acetylcholine release at the mouse neuromuscular junctions of fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Neurochem Res 50:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-025-04415-w","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"850_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.10.049","volume":"423","author":"AN Tsentsevitsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsentsevitsky AN, Kovyazina IV, Bukharaeva EA (2019) Diverse effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline on the quantal secretion of acetylcholine at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Neuroscience 423:162\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.10.049","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"850_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094611","volume":"22","author":"E Bukharaeva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bukharaeva E, Khuzakhmetova V, Dmitrieva S, Tsentsevitsky A (2021) Adrenoceptors modulate cholinergic synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Int J Mol Sci 22(9):4611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094611","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"850_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2022.103730","volume":"120","author":"ZM Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang ZM, Messi ML, Rodrigues ACZ, Delbono O (2022) Skeletal muscle sympathetic denervation disrupts the neuromuscular junction postterminal organization: a single-cell quantitative approach. Mol Cell Neurosci 120:103730","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"850_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0082(00)00055-1","volume":"64","author":"SJ Wood","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wood SJ, Slater CR (2001) Safety factor at the neuromuscular junction. Prog Neurobiol 64(4):393\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0301-0082(00)00055-1","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["Intensive Care Medicine Experimental"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40635-025-00850-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40635-025-00850-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40635-025-00850-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:46:49Z","timestamp":1767768409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40635-025-00850-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40635-025-00850-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-425X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-425X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board Statement: The animal study protocol was approved by the University of Debrecen Committee of Animal Research, Debrecen, Hungary (Chairperson Prof I. Furka) (1\/2013\/DE M\u00c1B 15 April 2013).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}