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One of the primary challenges in translating preclinical findings into effective clinical treatments lies in developing animal models that accurately replicate clinical scenarios. Thus, we aimed to develop a clinically relevant novel ovine model of severe ARDS with VV-ECMO support, with the primary aim of assessing feasibility through 48-h survival, while monitoring safety and clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six sheep (52.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u00a0kg) were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Severe ARDS was induced by oleic acid and lipopolysaccharide (0.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg). Lung-protective mechanical ventilation commenced once the PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ratio deteriorated to less than 150\u00a0mmHg, with additional doses of oleic acid administered if the PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      improved. Severe ARDS criteria, triggering ECMO initiation, were defined as PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009100\u00a0mmHg, PaCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200960\u00a0mmHg, or refractory respiratory acidosis (T0) before commencing VV-ECMO (T1), followed by a 48-h observation. The primary outcome was survival at 48\u00a0h to assess the feasibility of a novel model. All complications were also recorded, and lung tissues were obtained upon autopsy. Assessments followed the American Thoracic Society (ATS) Workshop Report 2022 recommendations, including histological assessments, alveolar\u2013capillary barrier evaluations, and inflammatory and physiological responses. Data were analysed using the Friedman test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All sheep survived the 48-h follow-up. No complications were recorded throughout the study. In all sheep, although PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      reached 126 (interquartile range: IQR 103\u2013149) mmHg, lung-protective mechanical ventilation strategies improved PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      to 181 (IQR: 167\u2013185) mmHg within 60 min, requiring additional oleic acid doses to reach injury criteria. All sheep developed hallmark features of experimental ARDS including histological evidence (filling of the alveolar space with proteinaceous alveolar fluid and debris and increasing histologic injury score), impaired alveolar\u2013capillary barrier (elevated total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and increased lung wet-to-dry weight ratio), inflammatory response (increase in IL6, IL-8 and neutrophil numbers in BAL), and physiologic dysfunction (e.g., impaired oxygenation, reduction in lung compliance).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a novel animal model of ARDS that closely replicates ARDS management, including lung-protective mechanical ventilation before the initiation of VV-ECMO, ensuring a prolonged 48-h survival observation without any complications. This model meets all four key features of ARDS as recommended by the latest ATS guidelines and provides an innovative platform to support clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-026-00892-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T06:53:28Z","timestamp":1776668008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Refining an acute respiratory distress syndrome animal model supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenator: incorporating clinically relevant mechanical ventilation strategy upon development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keibun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Fior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nchafatso","family":"Obonyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Nonaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Abbate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Portatadino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Ijuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silver","family":"Heinsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun Kyun","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Gandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samia","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ainola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Passmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachana","family":"Panduru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahe","family":"Bouquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Hyslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly-rose","family":"McInerney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Paech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacky Y.","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi Li","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"892_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201612-2495CI","volume":"196","author":"WR Henderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henderson WR, Chen L, Amato MBP, Brochard LJ (2017) Fifty years of research in ARDS. 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All experiments were performed under the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes and the Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (QLD) and NIH guidelines (Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. NIH publication No. 86-23. Revised 1985. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402-9325).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethic approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they do not have any competing interests related to the submitted work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"49"}}