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Although current ICP monitoring techniques are highly temporally accurate, they come with some significant limitations. These limitations include the invasive nature, expertise required for placement of these devices, high cost associated with maintenance, and poor spatial resolution. Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a non-invasive alternative technique for cerebral physiological monitoring. This modality eliminates the need for surgical expertise, as well as decreasing the financial cost associated with monitoring cerebral physiology. Preliminary evidence has pointed to a potential link between the NIRS variable, regional oxygen saturation (rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and invasively obtained ICP. Despite this, there are very few studies that exist that investigate the direct statistical relationship between NIRS variables, such as rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and invasively obtained ICP. As such, this study set out to characterize and compare the temporal statistical properties of commercial NIRS-based rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , ICP, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) signals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Utilizing retrospective high-frequency physiologic data from a population of 118 TBI patients across different temporal resolutions and data window sizes, we evaluated independent statistical signal structure of rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and ICP using variance analysis and ARIMA modelling. Following normalization, variance metrics remained significantly different between all physiologic variable comparison groups, across all temporal resolutions and window sizes examined. In contrast, median optimal ARIMA model orders converged, with no significant differences observed between any of the included physiological variables. Next, Pearson correlation, cross-correlation, Granger causality, and VARIMA IRF analysis continued to show increasing temporal similarity between ICP and rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      as temporal resolution decreased and window size increased. In contrast, throughout the majority of the analyses, the relationship between AMP and rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      remained not only consistently weaker, but also more inconsistent across the majority of the analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Findings from this study demonstrate convergence in the temporal statistical behaviour of ICP and rSO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      at lower temporal resolutions, providing a foundation for future predictive non-invasive ICP monitoring approaches. Further investigation into direct statistical relationships and development of reliable non-invasive ICP prediction models using NIRS-derived data remains necessary for clinical utility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-026-00964-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:38:26Z","timestamp":1787801906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the temporal statistical relationship between commercial cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy signals and intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3860-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah","family":"Silvaggio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Y.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makenna","family":"Coldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vuk","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3231-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanjyot Singh","family":"Sainbhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isuru","family":"Herath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1082-6485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakibul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansoor","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewoong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"964_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3369-6","volume":"40","author":"P Le Roux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Le Roux P, Menon DK, Citerio G, Vespa P, Bader MK, Brophy GM, Diringer MN, Stocchetti N, Videtta W, Armonda R, Badjatia N, B\u00f6esel J, Chesnut R, Chou S, Claassen J, Czosnyka M, De Georgia M, Figaji A, Fugate J, Helbok R, Horowitz D, Hutchinson P, Kumar M, McNett M, Miller C, Naidech A, Oddo M, Olson D, O\u2019Phelan K, Provencio JJ, Puppo C, Riker R, Robertson C, Schmidt M, Taccone F (2014) Consensus summary statement of the International Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Multimodality Monitoring in Neurocritical Care: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. 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Ethical approval for this analysis has been secured and is covered under H2024:266 (SH2024-140) and H2024:217 (SH2024-114).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"F.A.Z. currently has NSERC Alliance Advantage grant (ALLRP-597708-24) support in partnership with Medtronic\u2019s Acute Care & Monitoring Division (ERP-2024-14025) for work that is in support of work contained within this manuscript. Funding from the partner organization is provided to match NSERC governmental funding only, in keeping with NSERC policies. Medtronic does not direct the research objectives, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or publication of the findings in any way. All other authors assert that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this work, confirming the absence of any financial interests, affiliations, or personal relationships that may have influenced or biased this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"114"}}