{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:36:53Z","timestamp":1790624213490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioresour. Bioprocess."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The fermentation process of strong-flavor Baijiu represents a complex and unique ecosystem, characterized by the involvement of various microorganisms that drive intricate biochemical reactions, ultimately contributing to the distinct flavor profile of the Baijiu. Viruses may affect the succession of microorganisms and thus affect the style and quality of the product. However, the interaction between viruses and microorganisms during the fermentation of Baijiu is still unclear. Here we combined viral metagenomics and amplicon sequencing, physicochemical analysis, and GC\u2013MS detection with temporal sampling to study the dynamics of viral and microbial communities, physicochemical properties, and flavor compounds during strong-flavor Baijiu fermentation. Viral metagenomic analysis revealed 513 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs), encompassing 34 viral families. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) demonstrated significant differences in vOTUs at different fermentation stages. Notably, the microbial community exhibited distinct succession patterns at various fermentation stages; it changed rapidly during the initial five days, with similarities observed between days 10 and 20. Volatile profile analysis identified 38 flavor components in fermented grains, comprising 16 ester compounds, 11 alcohols, and 8 acids, with the majority formed between days 10 and 30. The Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that Peduoviridae exhibited a negative correlation with <jats:italic>Gluconobacter<\/jats:italic>. Genomoviridae showed a negative correlation with <jats:italic>Issatchenkia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Monascus<\/jats:italic>. These findings highlight the potential for complex interactions between viruses and microbial communities during Baijiu fermentation, underscoring the importance of considering viral communities in studies of the microbial ecology of fermented foods.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00852-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T08:58:06Z","timestamp":1741165086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Unraveling the multiple interactions between phages, microbes and flavor in the fermentation of strong-flavor Baijiu"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huadong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"852_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002083","author":"M Arumugam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arumugam M, Roux S, Camargo AP, Coutinho FH, Dabdoub SM, Dutilh BE, Tritt A (2023) iPHoP: an integrated machine learning framework to maximize host prediction for metagenome-derived viruses of archaea and bacteria. PLOS Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002083","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00586-23","volume":"9","author":"SB Ban","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ban SB, Cheng W, Wang X, Niu J, Wu Q, Xu Y (2024) Predicting the final metabolic profile based on the succession-related microbiota during spontaneous fermentation of the starter for Chinese liquor making. Msystems 9(2):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00586-23","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"852_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104914","author":"RA Bandoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bandoo RA, Bautista J, Lund M, Newkirk E, Squires J, Varsani A, Kraberger S (2021) Identification of novel circovirus and anelloviruses from wolverines using a non-invasive faecal sampling approach. Infect Genet Evol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104914","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"852_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00145-y","author":"R Bellaouchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellaouchi R, Abouloifa H, Rokni Y, Hasnaoui A, Ghabbour N, Hakkou A, Asehraou A (2021) Characterization and optimization of extracellular enzymes production by Aspergillus niger strains isolated from date by-products. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43141-021-00145-y","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"852_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001721","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001721","volume":"103","author":"M Benk\u0151","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benk\u0151 M, Aoki K, Arnberg N, Davison AJ, Echavarr\u00eda M, Hess M, Mittal SK (2022) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Adenoviridae 2022. J Gen Virol 103(3):001721","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"852_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152217","author":"L Bi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bi L, Yu D-T, Han L-L, Du S, Yuan C-Y, He J-Z, Hu H-W (2022) Unravelling the ecological complexity of soil viromes: challenges and opportunities. Sci Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152217","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"852_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycae017","author":"L Bi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi L, He J-Z, Hu H-W (2024) Total metagenomes outperform viromes in recovering viral diversity from sulfuric soils. ISME Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ismeco\/ycae017","journal-title":"ISME Commun"},{"key":"852_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102229","volume":"70","author":"TL Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown TL, Charity OJ, Adriaenssens EM (2022) Ecological and functional roles of bacteriophages in contrasting environments: marine, terrestrial and human gut. Curr Opin Microbiol 70:102229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102229","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01953-y","author":"AP Camargo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camargo AP, Roux S, Schulz F, Babinski M, Xu Y, Hu B, Kyrpides NC (2023) Identification of mobile genetic elements with geNomad. Nat Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-023-01953-y","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"852_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab293","volume":"38","author":"CP Cantalapiedra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cantalapiedra CP, Hern\u00e1ndez-Plaza A, Letunic I, Bork P, Huerta-Cepas J, Tamura K (2021) eggNOG-mapper v2: functional annotation, orthology assignments, and domain prediction at the metagenomic scale. Mol Biol Evol 38(12):5825\u20135829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msab293","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"852_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105534","author":"LJ Chai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chai LJ, Zhang JY, Gao T, Zhang LY, Zhang XJ, Lu ZM, Xu ZH (2024) Seasonality shapes the microbiota and metabolome of strong-flavor Baijiu during fermentation and affects its flavor characteristics. Food Biosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105534","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00602-y","volume":"20","author":"A Chevallereau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chevallereau A, Pons BJ, van Houte S, Westra ER (2022) Interactions between bacterial and phage communities in natural environments. Nat Rev Microbiol 20(1):49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-021-00602-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"852_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001712","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001712","volume":"102","author":"J Coffin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coffin J, Blomberg J, Fan H, Gifford R, Hatziioannou T, Lindemann D, Johnson W (2021) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Retroviridae 2021. J Gen Virol 102(12):001712","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"852_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50777-0","author":"PA de Jonge","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Jonge PA, van den Born B-JH, Zwinderman AH, Nieuwdorp M, Dutilh BE, Herrema H (2024) Phylogeny and disease associations of a widespread and ancient intestinal bacteriophage lineage. Nat Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-50777-0","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"852_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110055","volume":"387","author":"H Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du H, Chen B, Fu W, Yang F, Lv X, Tan Y, Xu Y (2022) Composition and function of viruses in sauce-flavor Baijiu fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol 387:110055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110055","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.103278","volume":"85","author":"E Dugat-Bony","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dugat-Bony E, Lossouarn J, De Paepe M, Sarthou AS, Fedala Y, Petit MA, Chaillou S (2020) Viral metagenomic analysis of the cheese surface: a comparative study of rapid procedures for extracting viral particles. Food Microbiol 85:103278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2019.103278","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"852_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","volume":"28","author":"L Fu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fu L, Niu B, Zhu Z, Wu S, Li W (2012) CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics 28(23):3150\u20133152","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"852_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13387","volume":"21","author":"B Furneaux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furneaux B, Bahram M, Rosling A, Yorou NS, Ryberg M (2021) Long- and short-read metabarcoding technologies reveal similar spatiotemporal structures in fungal communities. Mol Ecol Resour 21(6):1833\u20131849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-0998.13387","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"issue":"25","key":"852_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5796","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501214c","volume":"62","author":"W Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao W, Fan W, Xu Y (2014) Characterization of the key odorants in light aroma type Chinese liquor by gas chromatography-olfactometry, quantitative measurements, aroma recombination, and omission studies. J Agric Food Chem 62(25):5796\u20135804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf501214c","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"852_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110442","volume":"137","author":"J Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao J, Liu G, Li A, Liang C, Ren C, Xu Y (2021) Domination of pit mud microbes in the formation of diverse flavour compounds during Chinese strong aroma-type Baijiu fermentation. Lwt-Food Sci Technol 137:110442\u2013110442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110442","journal-title":"Lwt-Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"852_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0603-7","author":"EN Grady","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grady EN, MacDonald J, Liu L, Richman A, Yuan Z-C (2016) Current knowledge and perspectives of Paenibacillus: a review. Microb Cell Fact. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-016-0603-7","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"852_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112885","author":"T Guan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guan T, Wu X, Hou R, Tian L, Huang Q, Zhao F, He Z (2023) Application of Clostridium butyricum, Rummeliibacillus suwonensis, and Issatchenkia orientalis for Nongxiangxing Baijiu fermentation: Improves the microbial communities and flavor of upper fermented grain. Food Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112885","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00990-y","volume":"9","author":"J Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo J, Bolduc B, Zayed AA, Varsani A, Dominguez-Huerta G, Delmont TO, Roux S (2021) VirSorter2: a multi-classifier, expert-guided approach to detect diverse DNA and RNA viruses. Microbiome 9(1):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-020-00990-y","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"852_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127335","author":"Y He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He Y, Liu Z, Qian M, Yu X, Xu Y, Chen S (2020) Unraveling the chemosensory characteristics of strong-aroma type Baijiu from different regions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography\u2013time-of-flight mass spectrometry and descriptive sensory analysis. Food Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127335","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"852_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11198-x","volume":"105","author":"X He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He X, Liu B, Xu Y, Chen Z, Li H (2021a) Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on the ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105(6):2597\u20132611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-021-11198-x","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c06875","volume":"70","author":"Y He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He Y, Tang K, Yu X, Chen S, Xu Y (2021b) Identification of compounds contributing to trigeminal pungency of Baijiu by sensory evaluation, quantitative measurements, correlation analysis, and sensory verification testing. J Agric Food Chem 70(2):598\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c06875","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"852_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136576","author":"J Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong J, Huang H, Zhao D, Sun J, Huang M, Sun X, Sun B (2023) Investigation on the key factors associated with flavor quality in northern strong aroma type of Baijiu by flavor matrix. Food Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136576","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"852_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110626","author":"X Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu X, Tian R, Wang K, Cao Z, Yan P, Li F, He P (2021) The prokaryotic community, physicochemical properties and flavors dynamics and their correlations in fermented grains for Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu production. Food Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110626","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"852_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1858269","volume":"62","author":"Y Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu Y, Zhang L, Wen R, Chen Q, Kong B (2022) Role of lactic acid bacteria in flavor development in traditional Chinese fermented foods: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62(10):2741\u20132755","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"15","key":"852_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-024-01591-3","volume":"33","author":"Z Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Z, Zeng B, Deng J, Ren Z, Xie J, Wei C (2024) Succession of microbial community structure in fermented grains during the fermentation of strong-flavor Baijiu and its impact on the metabolism of acids, alcohols, and esters. Food Sci Biotechnol 33(15):3501\u20133513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10068-024-01591-3","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"852_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119","volume":"11","author":"D Hyatt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hyatt D, Chen G-L, LoCascio PF, Land ML, Larimer FW, Hauser LJ (2010) Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinform 11:1\u201311","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform"},{"key":"852_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac505","author":"J-Z Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang J-Z, Yuan W-G, Shang J, Shi Y-H, Yang L-L, Liu M, Yuan L-H (2023) Virus classification for viral genomic fragments using PhaGCN2. Brief Bioinform. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bbac505","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"852_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.06.010","volume":"76","author":"MJ Jung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jung MJ, Kim MS, Yun JH, Lee JY, Kim PS, Lee HW, Bae JW (2018) Viral community predicts the geographical origin of fermented vegetable foods more precisely than bacterial community. Food Microbiol 76:319\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2018.06.010","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111488","volume":"158","author":"J Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang J, Chen X, Han BZ, Xue Y (2022) Insights into the bacterial, fungal, and phage communities and volatile profiles in different types of Daqu. Food Res Int 158:111488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111488","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00867-0","volume":"8","author":"K Kieft","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kieft K, Zhou Z, Anantharaman K (2020) VIBRANT: automated recovery, annotation and curation of microbial viruses, and evaluation of viral community function from genomic sequences. Microbiome 8(1):90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-020-00867-0","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"852_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01905-x","author":"JC Kosmopoulos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kosmopoulos JC, Klier KM, Langwig MV, Tran PQ, Anantharaman K (2024) Viromes vs. mixed community metagenomes: choice of method dictates interpretation of viral community ecology. Microbiome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-01905-x","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"852_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061203","author":"P Ledormand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ledormand P, Desmasures N, Midoux C, Rue O, Dalmasso M (2022) Investigation of the phageome and prophages in French Cider, a fermented beverage. Microorganisms. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10061203","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"22","key":"852_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00692","volume":"66","author":"H Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu H, Sun B (2018) Effect of fermentation processing on the flavor of Baijiu. J Agric Food Chem 66(22):5425\u20135432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00692","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"852_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005612","author":"Q Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Q, Zheng H, Wang H, Zhou W, Zhao D, Qiao Z, Xu Y (2022) Proteiniphilum propionicum sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidota isolated from pit clay used to produce Chinese liquor. Int J Syst Evolut Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.005612","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evolut Microbiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"852_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.09.007","volume":"68","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Jiao N, Xu Zhong K, Zang L, Zhang R, Xiao X, Yao T (2023) Diversity and function of mountain and polar supraglacial DNA viruses. Sci Bull 68(20):2418\u20132433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scib.2023.09.007","journal-title":"Sci Bull"},{"key":"852_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110588","author":"M-K Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu M-K, Tian X-H, Liu C-Y, Liu Y, Tang Y-M (2024) Microbiologic surveys for Baijiu fermentation are affected by experimental design. Int J Food Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110588","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"852_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001509","volume":"101","author":"C Llorens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Llorens C, Soriano B, Krupovic M (2020) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Metaviridae. J Gen Virol 101(11):1131\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001509","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"852_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01306","author":"Z Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Z, P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz IM, Hayes JS, Breidt F (2020) Bacteriophages infecting gram-negative bacteria in a commercial cucumber fermentation. Front Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01306","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114244","author":"J Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma J, Qian C, Hu Q, Zhang J, Gu G, Liang X, Zhang L (2024) The bacteriome-coupled phage communities continuously contract and shift to orchestrate the traditional rice vinegar fermentation. Food Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114244","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"852_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1128\/Mmbr.64.3.461-488.2000","volume":"64","author":"R Maheshwari","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maheshwari R, Bharadwaj G, Bhat MK (2000) Thermophilic fungi: their physiology and enzymes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64(3):461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Mmbr.64.3.461-488.2000","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-019-00519-4","volume":"30","author":"VG Malathi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malathi VG, Renuka Devi P (2019) ssDNA viruses: key players in global virome. VirusDisease 30(1):3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13337-019-00519-4","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"852_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02380-7","author":"D Mielecki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mielecki D, Detman A, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T, Widomska M, Chojnacka A, Stachurska-Skrodzka A, Sikora A (2024) Unlocking the genome of the non-sourdough Kazachstania humilis MAW1: insights into inhibitory factors and phenotypic properties. Microb Cell Fact. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02380-7","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"issue":"5","key":"852_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-00774-7","volume":"39","author":"S Nayfach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nayfach S, Camargo AP, Schulz F, Eloe-Fadrosh E, Roux S, Kyrpides NC (2020) CheckV assesses the quality and completeness of metagenome-assembled viral genomes. Nat Biotechnol 39(5):578\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-020-00774-7","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"852_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00974-y","author":"Y Okazaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okazaki Y, Fujinaga S, Salcher MM, Callieri C, Tanaka A, Kohzu A, Nakano S-I (2021) Microdiversity and phylogeographic diversification of bacterioplankton in pelagic freshwater systems revealed through long-read amplicon sequencing. Microbiome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-020-00974-y","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"852_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00201-24","author":"T Paillet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paillet T, Lamy-Besnier Q, Figueroa C, Petit MA, Dugat-Bony E (2024) Dynamics of the viral community on the surface of a French smear-ripened cheese during maturation and persistence across production years. Msystems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00201-24","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"852_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0507-3","author":"M Parras-Molt\u00f3","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parras-Molt\u00f3 M, Rodr\u00edguez-Galet A, Su\u00e1rez-Rodr\u00edguez P, L\u00f3pez-Bueno A (2018) Evaluation of bias induced by viral enrichment and random amplification protocols in metagenomic surveys of saliva DNA viruses. Microbiome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-018-0507-3","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"852_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010039","author":"C Philippe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Philippe C, Krupovic M, Jaomanjaka F, Claisse O, Petrel M, le Marrec C (2018) Bacteriophage GC1, a novel Tectivirus infecting Gluconobacter Cerinus, an acetic acid bacterium associated with wine-making. Viruses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10010039","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"852_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103925","author":"FH Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu FH, Du BH, Zhang CN, Zhu LN, Yan YT, Li WW, Sun BG (2024) Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on microbial community and flavor metabolites in solid-state fermentation of strong-flavor Baijiu. Food Biosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103925","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"852_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0283-5","volume":"5","author":"J Ren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ren J, Ahlgren NA, Lu YY, Fuhrman JA, Sun F (2017) VirFinder: a novel k-mer based tool for identifying viral sequences from assembled metagenomic data. Microbiome 5(1):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0283-5","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"852_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-6451-1","author":"WH Roos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roos WH, Ivanovska IL, Evilevitch A, Wuite GJL (2007) Viral capsids: mechanical characteristics, genome packaging and delivery mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-007-6451-1","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01071-0","volume":"16","author":"V Somerville","year":"2022","unstructured":"Somerville V, Berthoud H, Schmidt RS, Bachmann HP, Meng YH, Fuchsmann P, Engel P (2022) Functional strain redundancy and persistent phage infection in Swiss hard cheese starter cultures. ISME J 16(2):388\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-021-01071-0","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"852_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594963","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594963","volume":"11","author":"D Sumbria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sumbria D, Berber E, Mathayan M, Rouse BT (2021) Virus infections and host metabolism\u2014can we manage the interactions? Front Immunol 11:594963","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"852_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16329","volume":"25","author":"M Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun M, Yuan S, Xia R, Ye M, Balcazar JL (2023a) Underexplored viral auxiliary metabolic genes in soil: diversity and eco-evolutionary significance. Environ Microbiol 25(4):800\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.16329","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"31","key":"852_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303675120","volume":"120","author":"W Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun W, Cheng Z, Wang JY, Yang J, Li XY, Wang JL, Wang YL (2023b) AcrIIC4 inhibits type II- C Cas9 by preventing R- loop formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 120(31):e2303675120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2303675120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"852_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108350","volume":"311","author":"Y Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan Y, Zhong H, Zhao D, Du H, Xu Y (2019) Succession rate of microbial community causes flavor difference in strong-aroma Baijiu making process. Int J Food Microbiol 311:108350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108350","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01844-22","author":"YW Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan YW, Du H, Zhang HX, Fang C, Jin GY, Chen S, Xu Y (2022) Geographically associated fungus-bacterium interactions contribute to the formation of geography-dependent flavor during high-complexity spontaneous fermentation. Microbiol Spectr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01844-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"852_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05694-2","author":"D Turner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turner D, Shkoporov AN, Lood C, Millard AD, Dutilh BE, Alfenas-Zerbini P, Adriaenssens EM (2023) Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee. Adv Virol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-022-05694-2","journal-title":"Adv Virol"},{"key":"852_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01821-23","author":"G Valencia-Toxqui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valencia-Toxqui G, Ramsey J (2024) How to introduce a new bacteriophage on the block: a short guide to phage classification. J Virol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01821-23","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"852_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02369-17","author":"XS Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang XS, Du H, Zhang Y, Xu Y (2018) Environmental microbiota drives microbial succession and metabolic profiles during Chinese liquor fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02369-17","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00013-20","author":"BW Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang BW, Wu Q, Xu Y, Sun BG (2020) Synergistic effect of multiple saccharifying enzymes on alcoholic fermentation for Chinese Baijiu production. Appl Environ Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00013-20","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104499","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Chen H, Wu Y, Zhao D (2022a) Uncover the flavor code of strong-aroma Baijiu: research progress on the revelation of aroma compounds in strong-aroma baijiu by means of modern separation technology and molecular sensory evaluation. J Food Compos Anal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104499","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"852_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111566","volume":"159","author":"XS Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang XS, Wang BW, Sun ZG, Tan W, Zheng J, Zhu WY (2022b) Effects of modernized fermentation on the microbial community succession and ethyl lactate metabolism in Chinese baijiu fermentation. Food Res Int 159:111566","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"852_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104376","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Tang P, Zhang P, Lu J, Chen Y, Xiao D, Guo X (2024) Unraveling the aroma profiling of Baijiu: sensory characteristics of aroma compounds, analytical approaches, key odor-active compounds in different Baijiu, and their synthesis mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104376","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"852_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1120-1","author":"J Warwick-Dugdale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warwick-Dugdale J, Buchholz HH, Allen MJ, Temperton B (2019) Host-hijacking and planktonic piracy: how phages command the microbial high seas. Virol J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-019-1120-1","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"852_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.02.011","volume":"110","author":"Q Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu Q, Zhu Y, Fang C, Wijffels RH, Xu Y (2021a) Can we control microbiota in spontaneous food fermentation?\u2014Chinese liquor as a case example. Trends Food Sci Technol 110:321\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.02.011","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"852_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab056","author":"S Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu S, Fang Z, Tan J, Li M, Wang C, Guo Q, Zhu H (2021b) DeePhage: distinguishing virulent and temperate phage-derived sequences in metavirome data with a deep learning approach. GigaScience. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giab056","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"852_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01790-23","author":"SL Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu SL, Lu J, Li CW, Du H, Xu Y (2024) Pediococcu spp.-mediated competition interaction within Daqu microbiota determines the temperature formation and metabolic profiles. Appl Environ Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01790-23","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01408-x","author":"R Xia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xia R, Sun M, Balcazar JL, Yu P, Hu F, Alvarez PJJ (2023) Benzo[a]pyrene stress impacts adaptive strategies and ecological functions of earthworm intestinal viromes. ISME J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-023-01408-x","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"852_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102951","author":"S Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan S, Zhang H, Yu X, Zhao D, Zheng J, Xu Y, Du H (2023a) Fungal biogeographical patterns are key drivers shaping the regional flavor profiles of Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu. Food Biosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102951","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"key":"852_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05103-22","author":"SK Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan SK, Du H, Zhao D, Qiao ZW, Zheng J, Yu XW, Xu Y (2023b) Stochastic processes drive the assembly and metabolite profiles of keystone taxa during Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu fermentation. Microbiol Spectr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.05103-22","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"852_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000738","volume":"98","author":"FM Zerbini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zerbini FM, Briddon RW, Idris A, Martin DP, Moriones E, Navas-Castillo J, Consortium IR (2017) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Geminiviridae. J Gen Virol 98(2):131\u2013133","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"852_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126084","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang H, Meng Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Li A, Liu G, Xing X (2020) Prokaryotic communities in multidimensional bottom-pit-mud from old and young pits used for the production of Chinese Strong-Flavor Baijiu. Food Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126084","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"852_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02992-20","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang H, Du H, Xu Y (2021) Volatile organic compound-mediated antifungal activity of Pichia and its effect on the metabolic profiles of fermentation communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02992-20","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"852_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00401-22","author":"HX Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang HX, Tan YW, Wei JL, Du H, Xu Y (2022) Fungal interactions strengthen the diversity-functioning relationship of solid-state fermentation systems. Msystems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00401-22","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"852_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2299323","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhang H, Du H, Yu X, Xu Y (2024) The insights into the phage communities of fermented foods in the age of viral metagenomics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2023.2299323","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"852_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108055","volume":"178","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Yan S, Chen X, Xie S (2023) Viral community structure and functional potential vary with lifestyle and altitude in soils of Mt. Everest Environ Int 178:108055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108055","journal-title":"Everest Environ Int"},{"key":"852_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00671","author":"W Zou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zou W, Zhao C, Luo H (2018) Diversity and function of microbial community in Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu ecosystem: a review. Front Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00671","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Bioresources and Bioprocessing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40643-025-00852-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40643-025-00852-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40643-025-00852-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T08:58:08Z","timestamp":1741165088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40643-025-00852-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40643-025-00852-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-4365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors agreed to publish this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}