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Bioprocess."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study presents a novel dual-stage bioprocessing approach that transforms poultry feather waste into multifunctional silver nanoparticles (FWH-AgNPs) with enhanced bioactivity.\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    degradation of feather waste produced bioactive hydrolysate (FWH) with dramatically altered chemical composition, generating novel compounds including 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (25.66%) and cyclopropaneoctanoic acid methyl ester (23.02%). The FWH effectively synthesized spherical AgNPs (30\u201369 nm) with strong colloidal stability (\u221244.5 mV zeta potential) and characteristic surface plasmon resonance (420 nm). FWH-AgNPs demonstrated superior antimicrobial efficacy with 4\u2013eightfold improved minimum inhibitory concentrations against\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (125\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL), methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (250 \u03bcg\/mL),\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (275\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL), and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (125\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL). Comparable enhancements were also observed for\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (300 \u03bcg\/mL) and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (325\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL), further confirming the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential of FWH-AgNPs. Anticancer evaluation revealed selective cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC\u2085\u2080: 294.7\u00a0\u03bcg\/L) with favorable selectivity index (2.68) over normal fibroblasts. Optimized FWH-AgNPs achieved 87.38% larvicidal mortality against\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , validated through Box-Behnken methodology. Mechanistic studies revealed systematic disruption of larval metabolism, including protein depletion, carbohydrate exhaustion, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, coupled with severe midgut epithelial damage. Molecular docking identified \u03b11-sitosterol as the primary bioactive compound with strong binding affinities to antimicrobial targets (\u22127.1 to \u22127.4\u00a0kcal\/mol) and cancer receptors (\u22127.0 to \u22129.5\u00a0kcal\/mol). This integrated approach successfully addresses environmental waste management while generating high-value nanomaterials for biomedical and vector control applications, establishing a new paradigm for circular bioeconomy applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00952-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T09:40:34Z","timestamp":1760694034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bacillus subtilis-mediated feather hydrolysate: antimicrobial, larvicidal against culex pipiens, and anticancer activities"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alruhaili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samy","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eslam","family":"Adly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohanned T.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassam M.","family":"Al-ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutasem S.","family":"Almehayawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soad K.","family":"Al Jaouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem S.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah H.","family":"Abu-Hussien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","volume":"18","author":"WS Abbott","year":"1925","unstructured":"Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 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