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Bioprocess."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Natural products are rich therapeutic sources, yet their translation into effective medicines remains challenging. Bee venom (BV) contains a diverse repertoire of bioactive molecules, but gentle, scalable methods to enhance its functionality are limited. This study, therefore, investigates a novel, solvent-free, post-extraction infrared (IR) conditioning step to fine-tune BV's composition and bioactivity. BV was irradiated (230\u00a0V, 50\u00a0Hz, 150\u00a0W) and compared to native extract using GC\u2013MS and bioactivity assays. GC\u2013MS revealed selective compositional tuning, with significant enrichment (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) of 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy. IR-treated BV exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity, with increased zones of inhibition for\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0(15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 vs. 11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u00a0mm),\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0(24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs. 22\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00a0mm),\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0(26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 vs. 22\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u00a0mm),\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0(24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 vs. 15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00a0mm), and\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0(27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8 vs. 20\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u00a0mm). MICs decreased for\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The treated BV also showed stronger antibiofilm activity at 25% MBC concentrations for\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) and significantly reduced hemolysis at 25% MIC for\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). Antioxidant capacity increased (DPPH IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 16.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1 vs. 27.65\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), as did anti-inflammatory activity (COX-2 IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 48.84\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs. 50.99\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL; COX-1 IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 24.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs. 41.74\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). Cytotoxicity against PC-3 and SKOV-3 cells was maintained (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 19.73\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 and 19.76\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively, vs. native BV's 11.48\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3 and 17.46\u2009\u00b1\u20090.27\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). These findings establish brief IR irradiation as a practical, scalable post-processing strategy to selectively enhance the therapeutic potential of BV for biomedical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-026-01026-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:59:30Z","timestamp":1775109570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Therapeutic potential of infrared-treated bee venom: enhanced multi-faceted bioactivity via compositional modulation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam","family":"Qanash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha M. 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