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However, immunohistochemistry does not accurately or dynamically reflect PD-L1 expression owing to its spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Herein, we assessed the feasibility of using a\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-labeled anti-PD-L1 nanobody,\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-NODAGA-NM-01, for PET imaging of PD-L1.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Micro-PET\/CT and biodistribution studies were performed on PD-L1-positive and -negative tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, a preliminary clinical study was performed on two patients with NSCLC. NM-01 was radiolabeled with\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga without further purification under mild conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-NODAGA-NM-01 exhibited radiochemical purity (&gt;\u200998%), high stability\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and rapid blood clearance\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Specific accumulation of\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-NODAGA-NM-01 was observed in PD-L1-positive tumor-bearing mice, with a good tumor-to-background ratio 0.5h post-injection. Furthermore,\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-NODAGA-NM-01 PET\/CT imaging was found to be safe with no adverse events and distinct uptake in primary and metastatic lesions of the PD-L1-positive patient, with a higher maximal standardized uptake value than that in lesions of the PD-L1-negative patient 1h post-injection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:sup>68<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ga-NODAGA-NM-01 can be prepared using a simple method under mild conditions and reflect PD-L1 expression in primary and metastatic lesions. However, our findings need to be confirmed in a large cohort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT02978196. Registered February 15, 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-025-00826-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:10:20Z","timestamp":1737951020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Preclinical evaluation and preliminary clinical study of 68Ga-NODAGA-NM-01 for PET imaging of PD-L1 expression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lingzhou","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. 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