{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:30:34Z","timestamp":1772166634962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LTGY23H180014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTGY23H180014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Program","award":["2023KY694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KY694"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder. This study is to evaluate the correlation between\n 18<\/jats:sup>\n F-flurodeoxyglucose (\n 18<\/jats:sup>\n F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET\/CT) and clinical features in CD patients, and exploring its value in distinguishing disease severity and assisting in risk stratification.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We retrospectively enrolled 93 patients with newly diagnosed CD. Traditional semi-quantitative\n 18<\/jats:sup>\n F-FDG PET\/CT parameters including the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV\n max<\/jats:sub>\n ), total metabolic lesion volume (MLV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were measured, and the lymph node to liver ratio of SUV\n max<\/jats:sub>\n (LLR), lymph node to mediastinal blood pool of SUV\n max<\/jats:sub>\n (LMR), spleen to liver ratio of SUV\n max<\/jats:sub>\n (SLR) and No. of involved lymph node stations (LNS) were calculated. The correlation between these metabolic parameters and clinical features were studied using a univariate analysis. The influencing factors of CD severity were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. The optimal cut-off values for metabolic parameters were obtained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 20 unicentric CD (UCD) and 73 multicentric CD (MCD) cases were included, with the highest SUV\n max<\/jats:sub>\n of Lymph nodes ranged 1.40\u2009~\u200928.18 (median, 4.86). The metabolic parameters (SUV\n max<\/jats:sub>\n , MLV, TLG, LLR, LMR, SLR) in MCD were significantly higher than those in UCD (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). There were significant differences in MLV, TLG, LLR and SLR among different histological subtypes (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). The No. of involved lymph node stations (LNS) and spleen-to-liver ratio (SLR) were significantly correlated with laboratory findings. In univariate and multivariate analyses, SLR (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.011; OR value\u2009=\u200914.806) and HGB (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.004; OR value\u2009=\u20090.044) exhibited an independent correlation with disease severity. The ROC curve revealed that SLR had a sensitivity of 77.4%, specificity of 69.4% and AUC of 0.761 (cut-off value\u2009=\u20091.04;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) in discriminating severity of CD. SLR also showed significant statistical differences between severe and non-severe idiopathic MCD (iMCD) (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.016).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n SLR is closely related to clinical features of CD, and can relatively effectively differentiate the severity of CD and assist in the clinical risk stratification of iMCD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-025-00833-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T09:27:01Z","timestamp":1739352421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["18F-FDG PET\/CT metabolic parameters are correlated with clinical features and valuable in clinical stratification management in patients of castleman disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Guolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianhe","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huatao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"833_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195406102502308","volume":"250","author":"B Castleman","year":"1954","unstructured":"Castleman B, Towne VW. Case records of the Massachusetts general hospital: case No. 40231. N Engl J Med. 1954;250(23):1001\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"833_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-12-545087","volume":"123","author":"DC Fajgenbaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fajgenbaum DC, van Rhee F, Nabel CS. HHV-8-negative, idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease: novel insights into biology, pathogenesis, and therapy. Blood. 2014;123(19):2924\u201333.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"833_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-746933","volume":"129","author":"DC Fajgenbaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fajgenbaum DC, Uldrick TS, Bagg A, et al. International, evidence-based consensus diagnostic criteria for HHV-8-negative\/idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Blood. 2017;129(12):1646\u201357.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"833_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel R, Patel D, Onyechi A, Shaikh S, Patel M, Patel Z. Castleman disease- demographics, associations, and outcomes: an analysis of adult 791 cases. Ann Hematol. 2024;103(4):1255\u201360.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05574-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"833_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481402100403","volume":"21","author":"JD Soumerai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soumerai JD, Sohani AR, Abramson JS. Diagnosis and management of Castleman disease. Cancer Control. 2014;21(4):266\u201378.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"11","key":"833_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2018.1456606","volume":"19","author":"D Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang D, Zhou X, Zhao Y, et al. A rare case of multicentric castleman\u2019s disease transforms into multiple myeloma and its successful treatment. Cancer Biol Ther. 2018;19(11):949\u201352.","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"833_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.103","volume":"7","author":"KM Schulte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulte KM, Talat N. Castleman\u2019s disease\u2013a two compartment model of HHV8 infection. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7(9):533\u201343.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"833_CR8","unstructured":"Haematology Committee of Chinese Medical Association, Hematological Oncology Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association, China Castleman Disease Network (CCDN). The consensus of the diagnosis and treatment of Castleman disease in China (2021). Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2021; 42(7):529\u2013534."},{"issue":"19","key":"833_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0134","volume":"21","author":"C Casper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Casper C, Chaturvedi S, Munshi N, et al. Analysis of Inflammatory and Anemia- Related Biomarkers in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Siltuximab (Anti-IL6 Monoclonal Antibody) in Patients With Multicentric Castleman Disease. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(19):4294\u2013304.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"833_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","volume":"383","author":"DC Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fajgenbaum DC, June CH. Cytokine storm. The review describes the role of the cytokine storm in MCD. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2255\u201373.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"20","key":"833_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-07-862334","volume":"132","author":"F Van Rhee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Rhee F, Voorhees P, Dispenzieri A, et al. International, evidence-based consensus treatment guidelines for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Blood. 2018;132(20):2115\u201324.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00317-7","volume":"7","author":"A Carbone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carbone A, Borok M, Damania B, et al. Castleman disease Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):84.","journal-title":"Castleman disease Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"14","key":"833_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001567","volume":"31","author":"PH Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves PH, Uldrick TS, Yarchoan R. HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma and related diseases. AIDS. 2017;31(14):1903\u201316.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"26","key":"833_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-317610","volume":"117","author":"TS Uldrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uldrick TS, Polizzotto MN, Aleman K, et al. High-dose zidovudine plus valganciclovir for Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirusassociated multicentric Castleman disease: a pilot study of virus-activated cytotoxic therapy. Blood. 2011;117(26):6977\u201386.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"833_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-008-0998-4","volume":"36","author":"R Barker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barker R, Kazmi F, Stebbing J, et al. FDG-PET\/CT imaging in the management of HIV-associated multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36(4):648\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"833_CR16","first-page":"100720","volume":"34","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Dong YJ, Peng HL, et al. China Castleman Disease Network (CCDN). A national, multicenter, retrospective study of Castleman disease in China implementing CDCN criteria. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2023;34:100720.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac."},{"issue":"6","key":"833_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020004058","volume":"5","author":"R Ramaswami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramaswami R, Lurain K, Polizzotto MN, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease with or without other KSHV diseases. Blood Adv. 2021;5(6):1660\u201370.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"16","key":"833_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000931","volume":"135","author":"A Dispenzieri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dispenzieri A, Fajgenbaum DC. Overview of Castleman disease. Blood. 2020;135(16):1353\u201364.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"833_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3740-2","volume":"44","author":"N Aide","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aide N, Lasnon C, Veit-Haibach P, Sera T, Sattler B, Boellaard R. EANM\/EARL harmonization strategies in PET quantifcation: from daily practice to multicentre oncological studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44(Suppl 1):17\u201331.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"833_CR20","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2017. [cited 2024 Aug 01]. https:\/\/ctep.cancer.gov\/protocolDevelopment\/electronic_applications\/ctc.htm."},{"issue":"8","key":"833_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv204","volume":"212","author":"MN Polizzotto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polizzotto MN, Millo C, Uldrick TS, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus-Associated Multicentric Castleman Disease: Correlation With Activity, Severity, Inflammatory and Virologic Parameters. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(8):1250\u201360.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"833_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10120998","volume":"10","author":"EJ Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han EJ, Hyun O J, Jung SE, et al. FDG PET\/CT Findings of Castleman Disease Assessed by Histologic Subtypes and Compared with Laboratory Findings. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(12):998.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)."},{"issue":"5","key":"833_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3182816730","volume":"38","author":"ES Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee ES, Paeng JC, Park CM, et al. Metabolic characteristics of Castleman disease on 18F-FDG PET in relation to clinical implication. Clin Nucl Med. 2013;38(5):339\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"833_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15019","volume":"180","author":"E Oksenhendler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oksenhendler E, Boutboul D, Fajgenbaum D, et al. The full spectrum of Castleman disease: 273 patients studied over 20 years. Br J Haematol. 2018;180(2):206\u201316.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"7","key":"833_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001404","volume":"42","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Hou G, Zhu Z, Huo L, Li F, Cheng W. 18F-FDG PET\/CT imaging features of patients with multicentric Castleman disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2021;42(7):833\u20138.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"23","key":"833_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003334","volume":"4","author":"F Van Rhee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Rhee F, Oksenhendler E, Srkalovic G, et al. International evidence-based consensus diagnostic and treatment guidelines for unicentric Castleman disease. Blood Adv. 2020;4(23):6039\u201350.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"833_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195607\/08)9:4<822::AID-CNCR2820090430>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"9","author":"B Castleman","year":"1956","unstructured":"Castleman B, Iverson L, Menendez VP. Localized mediastinal lymph-node hyperplasia resembling thymoma. Cancer. 1956;9(4):822\u201330.","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"issue":"4","key":"833_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/95.4.211","volume":"95","author":"HJ Lachmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lachmann HJ, Gilbertson JA, Gillmore JD, Hawkins PN, Pepys MB. Unicentric Castleman\u2019s disease complicated by systemic AA amyloidosis: a curable disease. QJM. 2002;95(4):211\u20138.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"1","key":"833_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12472","volume":"42","author":"C Murphy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murphy C, Hawkes E, Chionh F, Chong G. Durable remission of both multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease and Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma with valganciclovir, rituximab and liposomal doxorubicin in an HHV-8-positive. HIV-negative patient J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(1):111\u20134.","journal-title":"HIV-negative patient J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"22","key":"833_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.10.6732","volume":"25","author":"L G\u00e9rard","year":"2007","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard L, B\u00e9rezn\u00e9 A, Galicier L, et al. Prospective study of rituximab in chemotherapy-dependent human immunodeficiency virus associated multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease: ANRS 117 CastlemaB Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(22):3350\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"833_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-12-200712180-00003","volume":"147","author":"M Bower","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bower M, Powles T, Williams S, et al. Brief communication: rituximab in HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(12):836\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"833_CR32","first-page":"4227","volume":"12","author":"W Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu W, Cai Q, Yu T, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Castleman disease: a multicenter Consortium study of 428 patients with 15-year follow-up. Am J Cancer Res. 2022;12(9):4227\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"833_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-018-2647-z","volume":"144","author":"X Lan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lan X, Li Z, Zhang M. Analysis of clinical characteristics and prognosis factors of 71 cases with HIV-negative Castleman\u2019s disease: hypoproteinemia is an unfavorable prognostic factor which should be treated appropriately. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2018;144(7):1265\u201377.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00833-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00833-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00833-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T09:27:08Z","timestamp":1739352428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cancerimagingjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00833-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00833-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4935330\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1470-7330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-7330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and due to the retrospective design of the study, it was not necessary to obtain informed consent from the subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}