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Evaluated parameters comprised prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD), curvilinear contact length (CCL), lesion longest diameter (LD), National Cancer Institute EPE grade (NCI_EPE), International Society of Urological Pathology grade (ISUP), and other relevant variables. Independent predictors were identified through univariate and multivariate regression analysis to construct a logistic model. Coefficients from this model were then weighted to establish a scoring system. The predictive performance of the NCI_EPE, logistic model, and scoring system was systematically evaluated and compared. Finally, the scoring system was stratified into four distinct risk categories.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Multivariate analysis identified NCI_EPE, PSAD, CCL\/LD, and ISUP as independent predictors of EPE. In the derivation and validation cohorts, the scoring system demonstrated robust predictive accuracy for EPE, with AUCs of 0.849, 0.830, and 0.847, respectively. These values outperformed the NCI_EPE (Derivation cohort: 0.849 vs. 0.750, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.003, Validation cohort 1: 0.830 vs. 0.736, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.138, Validation cohort 2: 0.837 vs. 0.715, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and were comparable to the logistic model (Derivation cohort: 0.849 vs. 0.860, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.228, Validation cohort 1: 0.830 vs. 0.849, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.711, Validation cohort 2: 0.837 vs. 0.843, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.738). Decision curve analysis revealed higher net clinical benefit for both the scoring system and logistic model compared to the NCI_EPE. Risk stratification using the scoring system categorized patients into four tiers: low (0\u20133), intermediate-low (4\u20136), intermediate-high (7\u20139), and high risk (10\u201312) with corresponding mean EPE probabilities of 9.9%, 26.0%, 52.0%, and 85.0%. These probabilities closely aligned with observed pT3 incidences in the derivation and validation cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The scoring system provides enhanced predictive accuracy for EPE, preoperatively stratifying patients into distinct risk categories to facilitate personalized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-025-00905-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:30:28Z","timestamp":1751373028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and validation of a novel clinical-radiological-pathological scoring system for preoperative prediction of extraprostatic extension in prostate cancer: a multicenter retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Liqin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"905_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35444","volume":"130","author":"MB Nierengarten","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nierengarten MB. 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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"83"}}