{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:54:30Z","timestamp":1793069670140,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024M760269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M760269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CAMS\u00a0Innovation\u00a0Fund\u00a0for\u00a0Medical\u00a0Sciences\uff08CIFMS\uff09","award":["2024-I2M-C&T-B-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-I2M-C&T-B-035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is a rare group of non-neoplastic lymphoproliferative disorders. This study aims to summarize the specific ultrasonic manifestations of UCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included patients who underwent preoperative ultrasound for enlarged lymph nodes and were later diagnosed with UCD between January 2016 and March 2024. Ultrasound features, including lymph node size, cortical characteristics, corticomedullary interface, hyperechoic regions, and Doppler flow signals, were recorded. Pathological types were classified as hyaline vascular (HV), plasma cell (PC), or mixed. The ultrasonic features of each UCD subtype were systematically analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the study, comprising 29 with HV-type, 4 with PC-type, and 8 with a mixed type. All patients presented with enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) characterized by a solitary mass, well-defined margins, and increased cortical thickness. Among these, 95.12% (39\/41) exhibited an indistinct corticomedullary interface. Additionally, 41.46% (17\/41) showed eccentric or asymmetrical cortical thickening, while 58.54% (24\/41) demonstrated complete effacement of the fatty hilum. Approximately 24.39% (10\/41) of cases exhibited macrocalcification, and 56.10% (23\/41) displayed short linear hyperechoic foci within the lymph nodes. Furthermore, patients with HV-type and mixed-type conditions exhibited more abundant blood flow signals compared to those with PC-type (75.86% vs. 25% vs. 87.50%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasound characteristics of UCD generally comprise sizable, solitary masses with clearly delineated borders, a thickened cortex, and disappearance of the fatty hilum. Principal imaging indicators encompass microcalcifications and short linear hyper-echoes. Ultrasound represents an effective and non-invasive modality for the early identification and diagnosis of UCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospectively registered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-025-00937-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T19:26:03Z","timestamp":1759173963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The sonographic characteristics of unicentric castleman disease - a single-center retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengsu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingli","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"937_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13439","volume":"109","author":"X Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang X, Rao H, Xu X, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Castleman disease: A multicenter study of 185 Chinese patients. Cancer Sci. 2018;109(1):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"937_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195409022511008","volume":"251","author":"B Castleman","year":"1954","unstructured":"Castleman B, Towne VW. Case records of the Massachusetts general hospital; weekly clinicopathological exercises; case 40351. N Engl J Med. 1954;251(10):396\u2013400.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"937_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024013548","volume":"8","author":"C Hoffmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoffmann C, Oksenhendler E, Littler S, Grant L, Kanhai K, Fajgenbaum DC. The clinical picture of Castleman disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv. 2024;8(18):4924\u201335.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"23","key":"937_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003334","volume":"4","author":"F van Rhee","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Rhee F, Oksenhendler E, Srkalovic G, et al. International evidence-based consensus diagnostic and treatment guidelines for unicentric Castleman disease. Blood Adv. 2020;4(23):6039\u201350.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"937_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318249dcdc","volume":"255","author":"N Talat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Talat N, Belgaumkar AP, Schulte KM. Surgery in castleman\u2019s disease: a systematic review of 404 published cases. Ann Surg. 2012;255(4):677\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"937_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220210","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.220210","volume":"43","author":"MA Pitot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pitot MA, Tahboub Amawi AD, Alexander LF, et al. Imaging of Castleman disease. Radiographics. 2023;43(8):e220210.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"937_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2017.11.005","volume":"32","author":"M Haap","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haap M, Wiefels J, Horger M, Hoyer A, M\u00fcssig K. Clinical, laboratory and imaging findings in castleman\u2019s disease - The subtype decides. Blood Rev. 2018;32(3):225\u201334.","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"937_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03904-9","volume":"78","author":"YJ Ho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ho YJ, Huang CC, Fan CH, Liu HL, Yeh CK. Ultrasonic technologies in imaging and drug delivery. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78(17\u201318):6119\u201341.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"937_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003543","volume":"46","author":"P Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang P, Hou G, Li F, Cheng X. Hypermetabolic unicentric Castleman disease of kidney on FDG PET\/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46(6):510\u20131.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"937_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181dac60b","volume":"27","author":"JW Brubaker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brubaker JW, Harrie RP, Patel BC, Davis DK, Mamalis N. CT and orbital ultrasound findings in a case of Castleman disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(2):e37\u20139.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"937_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012186","volume":"24","author":"WK Moon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moon WK, Kim WS, Kim IO, Yeon KM, Han MC. Castleman disease in the child: CT and ultrasound findings. Pediatr Radiol. 1994;24(3):182\u20134.","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"937_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20102","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020102","volume":"99","author":"K Lv","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv K, Zhao Y, Xu W, Zhang C, Huang P. Ultrasound and radiological features of abdominal unicentric castleman\u2019s disease: A case series study. Med (Baltim). 2020;99(18):e20102.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"6","key":"937_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23617","volume":"57","author":"D Fischerova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fischerova D, Garganese G, Reina H, et al. Terms, definitions and measurements to describe sonographic features of lymph nodes: consensus opinion from the vulvar international tumor analysis (VITA) group. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021;57(6):861\u201379.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"937_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2008.0006","volume":"8","author":"AT Ahuja","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ahuja AT, Ying M, Ho SY, et al. Ultrasound of malignant cervical lymph nodes. Cancer Imaging. 2008;8(1):48\u201356.","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"937_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(03)00032-2","volume":"29","author":"YC Cheung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cheung YC, Lo YF, See LC, Chen SC, Chao TC. Hemodynamic parameters by color doppler ultrasound and dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in palpable T1 breast cancers. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(6):881\u20136.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"937_CR16","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Diagnostic ultrasound","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, editors. Diagnostic ultrasound. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 2011. pp. 27\u201331.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"6","key":"937_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(90)90020-D","volume":"16","author":"DD Adler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Adler DD, Carson PL, Rubin JM, Quinn-Reid D. Doppler ultrasound color flow imaging in the study of breast cancer: preliminary findings. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1990;16(6):553\u20139.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"937_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3181a9d4d3","volume":"16","author":"DM Cronin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cronin DM, Warnke RA. Castleman disease: an update on classification and the spectrum of associated lesions. Adv Anat Pathol. 2009;16(4):236\u201346.","journal-title":"Adv Anat Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"937_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022-0404-RA","volume":"148","author":"SE Hussein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussein SE, Evans AG, Fang H, Wang W, Medeiros LJ. Unicentric Castleman disease: illustration of its morphologic spectrum and review of the differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024;148(1):99\u2013106.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"937_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.316115502","volume":"31","author":"D Bonekamp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bonekamp D, Horton KM, Hruban RH, Fishman EK. Castleman disease: the great mimic. Radiographics. 2011;31(6):1793\u2013807.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"937_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.209.1.9769835","volume":"209","author":"HP McAdams","year":"1998","unstructured":"McAdams HP, Rosado-de-Christenson M, Fishback NF, Templeton PA. Castleman disease of the thorax: radiologic features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 1998;209(1):221\u20138.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"937_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.3.1820769","volume":"182","author":"S-F Ko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ko S-F, Hsieh M-J, Ng S-H, et al. Imaging spectrum of castleman\u2019s disease. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182(3):769\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"937_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv K, Zhao Y, Xu W, Zhang C, Huang P. (2020). Ultrasound and radiological features of abdominal unicentric castleman\u2019s disease. Medicine, 99(18).","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020102"},{"issue":"1049","key":"937_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140670","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140670","volume":"88","author":"AJ Hill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hill AJ, Tirumani SH, Rosenthal MH, et al. Multimodality imaging and clinical features in Castleman disease: single Institute experience in 30 patients. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1049):20140670.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"937_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-019-0238-0","volume":"19","author":"S Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao S, Wan Y, Huang Z, Song B, J. Yu. Imaging and clinical features of Castleman disease. Cancer Imaging. 2019;19(1):53.","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"937_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen CH, Li HN. (2022). Hyaline vascular type of unicentric Castleman disease in a kidney with End-Stage renal disease: A case report of a rare entity at an unusual location and a special clinical setting. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112878"},{"issue":"5","key":"937_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.5.01841691","volume":"184","author":"AT Ahuja","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ahuja AT, Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(5):1691\u20139.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"22","key":"937_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V114.22.4630.4630","volume":"114","author":"AJ Church","year":"2009","unstructured":"Church AJ, Shabazi N, LeBrun D, Baetz T. Fibrosis in nodular sclerosis hodgkin lymphoma is predictive of a residual mass following therapy. Blood. 2009;114(22):4630.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"937_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.144541","volume":"3","author":"MA Ozgul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozgul MA, Cetinkaya E, Kirkil G, et al. Lymph node characteristics of sarcoidosis with endobronchial ultrasound. Endosc Ultrasound. 2014;3(4):232\u20137.","journal-title":"Endosc Ultrasound"},{"issue":"4","key":"937_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2025-0089","volume":"36","author":"R Tavarozzi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tavarozzi R, Lombardi A, Scarano F, et al. Lymph node ultrasound in lymphoproliferative disorders: clinical characteristics and applications. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2025;36(4):275\u201384.","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00937-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00937-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00937-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T19:26:08Z","timestamp":1759173968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cancerimagingjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00937-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00937-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7334976\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1470-7330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-7330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Approval No: S-K1539), and the requirement for written informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors consent to the publication of this work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"117"}}