{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T18:35:05Z","timestamp":1775586905058,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by limited responsiveness to immunotherapy due to spatial heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression. Invasive biopsy-based assessments may fail to capture this heterogeneity. This study aims to evaluate non-invasive imaging biomarkers to predict the expression of PD-L1 in 52 PDAC patients using CECT and F-18 FDG PET\/CT and Ga-68 FAPI-04 PET\/CT imaging. Intensity histogram and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features were extracted from CECT using IBEX software. PD-L1 expression was validated by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Correlation between PD-L1 expression, SUVmax of F-18 FDG, and FAPI-04 PET\/CT and radiomic CECT features were assessed. PDAC tissues demonstrated multimodal intensity histograms with lower histogram peak height correlated with high PD-L1 expression. A moderate positive correlation was observed between PD-L1 expression and FDG uptake (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.36) and a weaker correlation with FAPI uptake (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.19). This Multi-parametric imaging can enhance immunohistochemistry, aiding in patient stratification for immunotherapy and overcoming the limitations of single-site biopsies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-025-00960-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:47:33Z","timestamp":1771040853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Radiomic features of CECT and SUVmax of dual-tracer PET\/CT reveal PD-L1 spatial heterogeneity in PDAC"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sashikanta","family":"Swain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudipta","family":"Mohakud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srijani","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siba Narayan","family":"Padhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bramhadatta","family":"Pattnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sipra","family":"Rout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pravash Ranjan","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanhaiyalal","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"960_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071338","volume":"18","author":"A Adamska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adamska A, Domenichini A, Falasca M. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: current and evolving therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(7):1338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18071338. Published 2017 Jun 22.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"960_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i2.173","volume":"12","author":"P Sarantis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarantis P, Koustas E, Papadimitropoulou A, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: treatment hurdles, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2020;12(2):173\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i2.173.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"issue":"26","key":"960_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109500","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i26.109500","volume":"31","author":"S Ren","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ren S, Song LN, Zhao R, Tian Y, Wang ZQ. Serum exosomal hsa-let-7f-5p: a potential diagnostic biomarker for metastatic pancreatic cancer detection. World J Gastroenterol. 2025;31(26):109500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v31.i26.109500.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"960_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v16.i4.1256","volume":"16","author":"S Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren S, Qian LC, Cao YY, et al. Computed tomography-based radiomics diagnostic approach for differential diagnosis between early- and late-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2024;16(4):1256\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4251\/wjgo.v16.i4.1256.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"960_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S335588","volume":"16","author":"S Ren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ren S, Song L, Tian Y, et al. Emodin-conjugated PEGylation of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for FI\/MRI dual-modal imaging and therapy in pancreatic cancer. Int J Nanomed. 2021;16:7463\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S335588. Published 2021 Nov 6.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"issue":"5","key":"960_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-20-313","volume":"12","author":"M Heckler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heckler M, Hackert T. Surgery for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-is it only about the vessels? J Gastrointest Oncol. 2021;12(5):2503\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jgo-20-313.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"960_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-23-27","volume":"8","author":"E Sarfaty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarfaty E, Khajoueinejad N, Zewde MG, Yu AT, Cohen NA. Surgical management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a narrative review. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tgh-23-27. Published 2023 Sep 7.","journal-title":"Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"960_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0252","volume":"16","author":"F Qui\u00f1onero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qui\u00f1onero F, Mesas C, Doello K, et al. The challenge of drug resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a current overview. Cancer Biol Med. 2019;16(4):688\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0252.","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"960_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5510","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215510","volume":"13","author":"EM Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson EM, Thomassian S, Gong J, Hendifar A, Osipov A. Advances in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(21):5510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13215510. Published 2021 Nov 3.","journal-title":"Cancers (basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"960_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0983","volume":"14","author":"SP Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel SP, Kurzrock R. PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2015;14(4):847\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0983.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"issue":"15","key":"960_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-3146","volume":"23","author":"HM Kluger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kluger HM, Zito CR, Turcu G, et al. PD-L1 studies across tumor types, its differential expression and predictive value in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(15):4270\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-3146.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"960_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-1109","volume":"29","author":"B Saberzadeh-Ardestani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saberzadeh-Ardestani B, Graham RP, McMahon S, et al. Immune Marker spatial distribution and clinical outcome after PD-1 blockade in mismatch repair-deficient, advanced colorectal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2023;29(20):4268\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-1109.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2013.0015","volume":"13","author":"B Ganeshan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ganeshan B, Miles KA. Quantifying tumour heterogeneity with CT. Cancer Imag. 2013;13(1):140\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1102\/1470-7330.2013.0015. Published 2013 Mar 26.","journal-title":"Cancer Imag"},{"issue":"2","key":"960_CR14","first-page":"53","volume":"83","author":"MW Saif","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saif MW, Tzannou I, Makrilia N, Syrigos K. Role and cost effectiveness of PET\/CT in management of patients with cancer. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(2):53\u201365.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-021-00381-y","volume":"21","author":"K Kaira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaira K, Kuji I, Kagamu H. Value of 18F-FDG-PET to predict PD-L1 expression and outcomes of PD-1 inhibition therapy in human cancers. Cancer Imag. 2021;21(1):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-021-00381-y. Published 2021 Jan 13.","journal-title":"Cancer Imag"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"960_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201300095","volume":"8","author":"EJ Hamson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamson EJ, Keane FM, Tholen S, Schilling O, Gorrell MD. Understanding fibroblast activation protein (fap): substrates, activities, expression and targeting for cancer therapy. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2014;8(5\u20136):454\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prca.201300095.","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12307-014-0153-7","volume":"8","author":"P Mhawech-Fauceglia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Yan L, Sharifian M, et al. Stromal expression of fibroblast activation protein alpha (fap) predicts platinum resistance and shorter recurrence in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Microenviron. 2015;8(1):23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12307-014-0153-7.","journal-title":"Cancer Microenviron"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01731-z","volume":"22","author":"L Pei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pei L, Liu Y, Liu L, et al. Roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in anti- PD-1\/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers. Mol Cancer. 2023;22(1):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-023-01731-z. Published 2023 Feb 10.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"960_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32278","volume":"145","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhou J, Zhang J, Li S, Wang H, Du J. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote PD-L1 expression in mice cancer cells via secreting CXCL5. Int. J. Cancer. 2019;145(7):1946\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.32278.","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"960_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03531-2","volume":"72","author":"K Kawasaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kawasaki K, Noma K, Kato T, et al. PD-L1-expressing cancer-associated fibroblasts induce tumor immunosuppression and contribute to poor clinical outcome in esophageal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2023;72:3787\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-023-03531-2.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"19","key":"960_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197139","volume":"21","author":"E Shklovskaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shklovskaya E, Rizos H. Spatial and temporal changes in PD-L1 expression in cancer: the role of genetic drivers, tumor microenvironment and resistance to therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21197139. Published 2020 Sep 27.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00543-1","volume":"13","author":"S Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng S, Wang W, Shen L, Yao Y, Xia W, Ni C. Tumor battlefield within inflamed, excluded or desert immune phenotypes: the mechanisms and strategies. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2024;13(1):80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40164-024-00543-1. Published 2024 Aug 6.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"960_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084887","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1084887","volume":"14","author":"A Tiwari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tiwari A, Oravecz T, Dillon LA, et al. Towards a consensus definition of immune exclusion in cancer. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1084887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1084887. Published 2023 Mar 22.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"960_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01979-x","volume":"9","author":"B Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu B, Zhang B, Li B, et al. Cold and hot tumors: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01979-x.","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"960_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378691","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1378691","volume":"14","author":"S Javed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Javed S, Qureshi TA, Wang L, et al. An insight to PDAC tumor heterogeneity across pancreatic subregions using computed tomography images. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1378691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1378691. Published 2024 Nov 12.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"960_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040438","volume":"14","author":"C Anghel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anghel C, Grasu MC, Anghel DA, Rusu-Munteanu GI, Dumitru RL, Lupescu IG. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: imaging modalities and the role of artificial intelligence in analyzing CT and MRI images. Diagn (Basel). 2024;14(4):438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14040438. Published 2024 Feb 16.","journal-title":"Diagn (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-023-00637-9","volume":"23","author":"DH Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee DH, Lee SS, Lee JM, et al. Pancreas ct assessment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma resectability: effect of tube voltage and slice thickness on image quality and diagnostic performance. Cancer Imag. 2023;23(1):126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-023-00637-9. Published 2023 Dec 18.","journal-title":"Cancer Imag"},{"issue":"3","key":"960_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02297-9","volume":"129","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Chen R, Chen Y, et al. Relationship between the expression of PD-L1 and 18F-FDG uptake in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2023;129(3):541\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-023-02297-9.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"960_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189953","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1189953","volume":"14","author":"J Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin J, Fang W, Xiang Z, et al. Glycolytic enzyme HK2 promotes PD-L1 expression and breast cancer cell immune evasion. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1189953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1189953. Published 2023 Jun 12.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"960_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma P, Xing M, Han L, Gan S, Ma J, Wu F. \u2026 Sun L. High PD\u2011L1 expression drives glycolysis via an Akt\/mTOR\/HIF\u20111\u03b1 axis in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Rep. 2020;43:999\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/or.2020.7477.","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7477"},{"key":"960_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115622","volume":"167","author":"D Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao D, Fang L, Liu C, et al. Microenvironmental regulation in tumor progression: interactions between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;167:115622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115622.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"960_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00977-x","volume":"45","author":"A Maia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maia A, Sch\u00f6llhorn A, Schuhmacher J, et al. CAF-immune cell crosstalk and its impact in immunotherapy. Semin Immunopathol. 2023;45:203\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-022-00977-x.","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"19","key":"960_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194946","volume":"13","author":"K Dendl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dendl K, Koerber SA, Kratochwil C, et al. FAP and FAPI-PET\/CT in malignant and non-malignant diseases: a perfect symbiosis? Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(19):4946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13194946. Published 2021 Sep 30.","journal-title":"Cancers (basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e194003","DOI":"10.1148\/rycan.2019194003","volume":"1","author":"DK Hathi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hathi DK, Jones EF. 68Ga FAPI PET\/CT: Tracer uptake in 28 different kinds of cancer. Radiol Imag Cancer. 2019;1(1):e194003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rycan.2019194003. Published 2019 Sep 27.","journal-title":"Radiol Imag Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"960_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.266079","volume":"64","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, Zheng S, Chen L, et al. 68Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET\/CT for the early and late prediction of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: a prospective study. J Nucl Med. 2023;64(12):1899\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.123.266079. Published 2023 Dec 1.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"960_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.72534","volume":"18","author":"A Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang A, Miao K, Sun H, Deng CX. Tumor heterogeneity reshapes the tumor microenvironment to influence drug resistance. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18(7):3019\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.72534. Published 2022 Apr 24.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"960_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020280","volume":"14","author":"V Jacquemin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacquemin V, Antoine M, Dom G, Detours V, Maenhaut C, Dumont JE. Dynamic cancer cell heterogeneity: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Cancers (basel). 2022;14(2):280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14020280. Published 2022 Jan 7.","journal-title":"Cancers (basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"960_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17061027","volume":"17","author":"MS Oh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oh MS, Abascal J, Rennels AK, Salehi-Rad R, Dubinett SM, Liu B. Tumor heterogeneity and the immune response in non-Small cell lung cancer: emerging insights and implications for immunotherapy. Cancers. 2025;17(6):1027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17061027.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-022-2535-2","volume":"42","author":"S Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren S, Tang HJ, Zhao R, Duan SF, Chen R, Wang ZQ. Application of unenhanced computed tomography texture analysis to differentiate pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Curr Med Sci. 2022;42(1):217\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11596-022-2535-2.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"960_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02506-6","volume":"45","author":"S Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren S, Zhao R, Zhang J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced ct texture analysis to differentiate mass-forming pancreatitis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2020;45(5):1524\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-020-02506-6.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"issue":"11","key":"960_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-017-1587-4","volume":"95","author":"JA McQuerry","year":"2017","unstructured":"McQuerry JA, Chang JT, Bowtell DDL, Cohen A, Bild AH. Mechanisms and clinical implications of tumor heterogeneity and convergence on recurrent phenotypes. J Mol Med (berl). 2017;95(11):1167\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-017-1587-4.","journal-title":"J Mol Med (berl)"},{"key":"960_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson BA , Yarchoan M, Lee V, Laheru DA, Jaffee EM. Strategies for increasing pancreatic tumor immunogenicity. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(7):1656\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2318.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2318"},{"issue":"9","key":"960_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091472","volume":"8","author":"S Upadhrasta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Upadhrasta S, Zheng L. Strategies in developing immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: recognizing and correcting multiple immune \u201cdefects\u201d in the tumor microenvironment. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8091472.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"960_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00681-z","volume":"8","author":"Y Ju","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ju Y, Xu D, Liao MM, et al. Barriers and opportunities in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2024;8(1):199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41698-024-00681-z. Published 2024 Sep 12.","journal-title":"Npj Precis Oncol"}],"container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00960-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00960-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00960-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:14:24Z","timestamp":1774282464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00960-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-025-00960-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-7330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-7330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The All India Institute of Medical Science Bhubaneswar, India. Written informed consent for all the participation was taken.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors meet the criteria for authorship, have approved the final article to be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}