{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:48:54Z","timestamp":1791823734693,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-026-01087-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:26:28Z","timestamp":1784136388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnetic resonance biomarkers in detection and characterisation of ovarian cancer: is magnetic resonance spectroscopy ready for clinical use?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8924-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianthi Vasiliki","family":"Papoutsaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc Eric","family":"Miquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Ordidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Sahdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1087_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4786-z","volume":"27","author":"A Lindgren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lindgren A, Anttila M, Rautiainen S, Arponen O, Kivel\u00e4 A, M\u00e4kinen P, et al. Primary and metastatic ovarian cancer: Characterization by 3.0T diffusion-weighted MRI. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(9):4002\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4786-z. PubMed PMID: 28289938.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1087_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Derlatka P, Grabowska-Derlatka L, Halaburda-Rola M, Szeszkowski W, Czajkowski K. The value of magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast enhancement in the diagnosis and prognosis of treatment response in patients with epithelial serous ovarian cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14102464.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14102464"},{"key":"1087_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pi S, Cao R, Qiang JW, Guo YH. Utility of DWI with quantitative ADC values in ovarian tumors: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. Acta Radiologica. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2018. pp. 1386\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185118759708. PubMed PMID: 29463093.","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185118759708"},{"key":"1087_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadowski EA, Rockall A, Thomassin-Naggara I, Barroilhet LM, Wallace SK, Jha P, et al. Adnexal lesion imaging: past, present, and future. Radiology. NLM (Medline); 2023:e223281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.223281. PubMed PMID: 37158725.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.223281"},{"key":"1087_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebasti\u00e0 C, Cabedo L, Fust\u00e9 P, Muntmany M, Nicolau C. The O-RADS MRI score for the characterization of indeterminate ovarian masses: From theory to practice PALABRAS CLAVE. Radiolog\u00eda [Internet]. 2022. Report. Available from: https:\/\/www.elsevier.es\/rx.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rxeng.2022.07.003"},{"issue":"7","key":"1087_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-02589","volume":"43","author":"S Gaillard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gaillard S, Lacchetti C, Armstrong DK, Cliby WA, Edelson MI, Garcia AA, et al. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed, Advanced Ovarian Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(7):868\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO-24-02589. PubMed PMID: 39841949.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1087_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomassin-Naggara I, Poncelet E, Jalaguier-Coudray A, Guerra A, Fournier LS, Stojanovic S, et al. Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting Data System Magnetic Resonance Imaging (O-RADS MRI) score for risk stratification of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19896. PubMed PMID: 31977064.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19896"},{"key":"1087_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Addley H, Moyle P, Freeman S. Diffusion-weighted imaging in gynaecological malignancy. Clin Radiol. 2017:981\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2017.07.014. PubMed PMID: 28842113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2017.07.014"},{"key":"1087_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210157","author":"EA Sadowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadowski EA, Maturen KE, Rockall A, Reinhold C, Addley H, Jha P, et al. Ovary: MRI characterisation and O-RADS MRI. Br J Radiol Br Inst Radiol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20210157. PubMed PMID: 33929901.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol Br Inst Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1087_CR10","first-page":"19928","volume":"8","author":"X Fan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fan X, Zhang H, Meng S, Zhang J, Zhang C. Role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating malignancies from benign ovarian tumors. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(11):19928\u201337. PubMed PMID: 26884905.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"1087_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin B, Li W, Cui Y, Chu C, Ding M, Chen J, et al. Value of diffusion-weighted imaging combined with conventional magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of thecomas\/fibrothecomas and their differential diagnosis with malignant pelvic solid tumors. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12957-015-. 0760-x PubMed PMID: 26744173.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-015-"},{"key":"1087_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei M, Bo F, Cao H, Zhou W, Shan W, Bai G. Diagnostic performance of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for malignant ovarian tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Radiologica. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2021. pp. 966\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185120944916. PubMed PMID: 32741199.","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185120944916"},{"key":"1087_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mansour SM, Saraya S, El-Faissal Y. Semi-quantitative contrast-enhanced MR analysis of indeterminate ovarian tumours: When to say malignancy? Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1053). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20150099. PubMed PMID: 26083260.","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150099"},{"issue":"3","key":"1087_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100751","volume":"258","author":"I Thomassin-Naggara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomassin-Naggara I, Toussaint I, Perrot N, Rouzier R, Cuenod CA, Bazot M, et al. Characterization of Complex Adnexal Masses: Value of Adding Perfusion- and Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging to Conventional MR Imaging. Radiology. 2011;258(3):793\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.10100751.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1087_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2331-z","volume":"22","author":"LDPLSMMSARA Bernardin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bernardin LDPLSMMSARA. Effectiveness of semi-quantitative multiphase dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI as a predictor of malignancy in complex adnexal masses: radiological and pathological correlation. Eur Radiol. 2012;22:880\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1087_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13121161","volume":"267","author":"I Thomassin-Naggara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomassin-Naggara I, Aubert E, Rockall A, Jalaguier-Coudray A, Rouzier R, Dara\u00ef E, et al. Adnexal Masses: Development and Preliminary Validation of an MR Imaging Scoring System. Radiology. 2013;267(2):432\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.13121161.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1087_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.204371","volume":"303","author":"EA Sadowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadowski EA, Thomassin-Naggara I, Rockall A, Maturen KE, Forstner R, Jha P, et al. O-RADS MRI Risk Stratification System: Guide for Assessing Adnexal Lesions from the ACR O-RADS Committee. Radiology. 2022;303(1):35\u201347. 10. 1148\/RADIOL.204371 PubMed PMID: 35040672.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1087_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomassin-Naggara I, Dabi Y, Florin M, Saltel-Fulero A, Manganaro L, Bazot M, et al. O-RADS MRI score: an essential first-step tool for the characterization of adnexal masses. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2024:720\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.28947. PubMed PMID: 37550825.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28947"},{"key":"1087_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.01.016","volume":"294","author":"Y Dabi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dabi Y, Rockall A, Razakamanantsoa L, Guerra A, Fournier LS, Fotopoulou C, et al. O-RADS MRI scoring system has the potential to reduce the frequency of avoidable adnexal surgery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reproductive Biology. 2024;294:135\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2024.01.016. PubMed PMID: 38237312.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reproductive Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1087_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4274\/dir.2024.242784","volume":"31","author":"G K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kap","year":"2025","unstructured":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kap G. Diagnostic performance of the O-RADS MRI system for magnetic resonance imaging in discriminating benign and malignant adnexal lesions: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diagn Interventional Radiol. 2025;31(3):171\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/dir.2024.242784. PubMed PMID: 38973658.","journal-title":"Diagn Interventional Radiol"},{"key":"1087_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nougaret S, Razakamanantsoa L, Sadowski EA, Stein EB, Lakhman Y, Hindman NM, et al. O-RADS MRI risk stratification system: pearls and pitfalls. Insights Imaging. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-023-01577-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-023-01577-5"},{"key":"1087_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shukla-Dave A, Obuchowski NA, Chenevert TL, Jambawalikar S, Schwartz LH, Malyarenko D, et al. Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) recommendations for improved precision of DWI and DCE-MRI derived biomarkers in multicenter oncology trials. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019:e101\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.26518 PubMed PMID: 30451345.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26518"},{"issue":"1","key":"1087_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233055","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.233055","volume":"313","author":"MA Boss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boss MA, Malyarenko D, Partridge S, Obuchowski N, Shukla-Dave A, Winfield JM, et al. The QIBA Profile for Diffusion-Weighted MRI: Apparent Diffusion Coefficient as a Quantitative Imaging Biomarker. Radiology. 2024;313(1):e233055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.233055. PubMed PMID: 39377680.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1087_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzo S, Cozzi A, Dolciami M, Del Grande F, Scarano AL, Papadia A, et al. O-RADS MRI: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance and category-wise malignancy rates. Radiology. 2023;307(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.220795. PubMed PMID: 36413127.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.220795"},{"key":"1087_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomassin-Naggara I, Belghitti M, Milon A, Abdel Wahab C, Sadowski E, Rockall A, et al. O-RADS MRI score: analysis of misclassified cases in a prospective multicentric European cohort [Internet]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-021-08054-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08054-x"},{"issue":"5","key":"1087_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-011-9814-x","volume":"37","author":"W Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li W, Chu C, Cui Y, Zhang P, Zhu M. Diffusion-weighted MRI: a useful technique to discriminate benign versus malignant ovarian surface epithelial tumors with solid and cystic components. Abdom Radiol. 2012;37(5):897\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-011-9814-x.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"1087_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bourourou R, Nougaret S, Rockall A, Bazot M, Razakamanantsoa L, Thomassin-Naggara I. Apparent diffusion coefficient analysis of solid tissue helps distinguish borderline from invasive malignant adnexal masses rated O-RADS MRI 4. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diii.2024.05.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2024.05.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"1087_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28003","volume":"56","author":"NA Hottat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hottat NA, Badr DA, Van Pachterbeke C, Vanden Houte K, Denolin V, Jani JC, et al. Added Value of Quantitative Analysis of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2022;56(1):158\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.28003. PubMed PMID: 34797013.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"1087_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08644-3","volume":"32","author":"VDYJCASSMIRCBMTNI Assouline","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assouline VDYJCASSMIRCBMTNI. EURAD study group. How to improve O-RADS MRI score for rating adnexal masses with cystic component? Eur Radiol. 2022;32(9):5943\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1087_CR30","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Jin J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang T, Zhang H, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in epithelial ovarian tumor categorization: comparison with apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis and the tumor cell proliferation marker. Am J Transl Res [Internet]. 2023. Report. Available from: https:\/\/e-century.us\/web\/journal.php."},{"issue":"5","key":"1087_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-023-01628-3","volume":"128","author":"L Manganaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manganaro L, Ciulla S, Celli V, Ercolani G, Ninkova R, Miceli V, et al. Impact of DWI and ADC values in Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) MRI score. Radiologia Med. 2023;128(5):565\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-023-01628-3. PubMed PMID: 37097348.","journal-title":"Radiologia Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1087_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-017","volume":"10","author":"HM Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li HM, Qiang JW, Ma FH, Zhao SH. The value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in characterizing complex ovarian tumors. J Ovarian Res. 2017;10(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13048-017-0302-y. PubMed PMID: 28088245.","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1087_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185119898654","volume":"61","author":"HM Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li HM, Tang W, Feng F, Zhao SH, Gu WY, Zhang GF, et al. Whole solid tumor volume histogram parameters for predicting the recurrence in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a feasibility study on quantitative DCE-MRI. Acta radiol. 2020;61(9):1266\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185119898654. PubMed PMID: 31955611.","journal-title":"Acta radiol"},{"key":"1087_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.03.023","volume":"115","author":"A Lindgren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindgren A, Anttila M, Arponen O, Rautiainen S, K\u00f6n\u00f6nen M, Vanninen R, et al. Prognostic value of preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Radiol. 2019;115:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.03.023. PubMed PMID: 31084761.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1087_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.210342","volume":"303","author":"GJ Wengert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wengert GJ, Dabi Y, Kermarrec E, Jalaguier-Coudray A, Poncelet E, Porcher R, et al. O-RADS MRI Classification of Indeterminate Adnexal Lesions: Time-Intensity Curve Analysis Is Better Than Visual Assessment. Radiology. 2022;303(3):566\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.210342. PubMed PMID: 35230183.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1087_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmeel FC. Variability in quantitative diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) across different scanners and imaging sites: is there a potential consensus that can help reducing the limits of expected bias? European Radiology. Springer; 2019. pp. 2243\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-018-5866-4. PubMed PMID: 30488105.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5866-4"},{"issue":"12","key":"1087_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-01075-z","volume":"124","author":"F De Piano","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Piano F, Buscarino V, Maresca D, Maisonneuve P, Aletti G, Lazzari R, et al. Do DWI and quantitative DCE perfusion MR have a prognostic value in high-grade serous ovarian cancer? Radiologia Med. 2019;124(12):1315\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11547-019-01075-z. PubMed PMID: 31473928.","journal-title":"Radiologia Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25722","volume":"46","author":"F Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang F, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Liu C, Xie L, Zhou Z, et al. Comparison between types I and II epithelial ovarian cancer using histogram analysis of monoexponential, biexponential, and stretched-exponential diffusion models. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;46(6):1797\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.25722. PubMed PMID: 28379611.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"1087_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.01.006","volume":"101","author":"S T\u00fcrko\u011flu","year":"2020","unstructured":"T\u00fcrko\u011flu S, Kayan M. Differentiation between benign and malignant ovarian masses using multiparametric MRI. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2020;101(3):147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diii.2020.01.006. PubMed PMID: 31987805.","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"1087_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27037","volume":"52","author":"M He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He M, Song Y, Li H, Lu J, Li Y, Duan S, et al. Histogram Analysis Comparison of Monoexponential, Advanced Diffusion-Weighted Imaging, and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI for Differentiating Borderline From Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2020;52(1):257\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.27037. PubMed PMID: 31922327.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1087_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Der Graaf M. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Basic methodology and clinical applications. Eur Biophys J. 2010;527\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00249-009-0517-y.\u00a0 PubMed PMID: 19680645.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-009-0517-y"},{"key":"1087_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyriazi S, Kaye SB, Desouza NM. Imaging ovarian cancer and peritoneal metastases - current and emerging techniques. Nat Reviews Clin Oncol. 2010;381\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.47. PubMed PMID: 20386556.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.47"},{"key":"1087_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wakefield JC, Downey K, Kyriazi S, DeSouza NM, Saremi F. New MR techniques in gynecologic cancer. Am J Roentgenol. 2013;249\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.12.8932.\u00a0 PubMed PMID: 23345344.","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.8932"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1130","volume":"13","author":"T Okada","year":"2001","unstructured":"Okada T, Harada M, Matsuzaki K, Nishitani H, Aono T. Evaluation of female intrapelvic tumors by clinical proton MR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;13(6):912\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.1130. PubMed PMID: 11382952.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"1087_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2002.3.2.105","volume":"3","author":"SW Cho","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cho SW, Cho SG, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Lim MK, Kim JH, et al. In-vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Adnexal Lesions. Korean J Radiol. 2002;3(2):105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/kjr.2002.3.2.105.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1087_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008","volume":"116","author":"SJ Booth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Booth SJ, Pickles MD, Turnbull LW. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of gynaecological tumours at 3.0 Tesla. BJOG. 2009;116(2):300\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008. 02007.x PubMed PMID: 19076962.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"1087_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanwell P, Russell P, Carter J, Pather S, Heintze S, Mountford C. Evaluation of ovarian tumors by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at three tesla [Internet]. 2008. Report. Available from: http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/investigativeradiology.","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e31817e9104"},{"key":"1087_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esseridou A, Di Leo G, Sconfienza LM, Caldiera V, Raspagliesi F, Grijuela B, et al. In vivo detection of choline in ovarian tumors using 3D magnetic resonance spectroscopy Invest Radiol [Internet]. 2011. Report. Available from: https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/jnls\/investigativeradiology.","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e31821690ef"},{"issue":"4","key":"1087_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22067","volume":"62","author":"MA McLean","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLean MA, Priest AN, Joubert I, Lomas DJ, Kataoka MY, Earl H, et al. Metabolic characterization of primary and metastatic ovarian cancer by 1H-MRS in vivo at 3T. Magn Reson Med. 2009;62(4):855\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.22067. PubMed PMID: 19645005.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1087_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2215-2","volume":"21","author":"M Takeuchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Harada M. Preliminary observations and clinical value of N-acetyl resonances in ovarian tumours using in-vivo proton MR spectroscopy at 3T. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(12):2640\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-011-2215-2. PubMed PMID: 21818526.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1087_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110175","volume":"263","author":"E Sala","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sala E, Kataoka MY, Priest AN, Gill AB, McLean MA, Joubert I, et al. Advanced ovarian cancer: Multiparametric MR imaging demonstrates response- and metastasis-specific effects. Radiology. 2012;263(1):149\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.11110175. PubMed PMID: 22332064.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W724","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.13391","volume":"204","author":"FH Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma FH, Qiang JW, Cai SQ, Zhao SH, Zhang GF, Rao YM. MR spectroscopy for differentiating benign from malignant solid adnexal tumors. Am J Roentgenol. 2015;204(6):W724\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.14.13391. PubMed PMID: 26001263.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1087_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5085","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.12.5085","volume":"16","author":"M Malek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malek M, Pourashraf M, Gilani MM, Gity M. Improved diagnostic accuracy in characterization of adnexal masses by detection of choline peak using 1H MR spectroscopy in comparison to internal reference at 3 Tesla. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(12):5085\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.12.5085. PubMed PMID: 26163646.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1087_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26541","volume":"49","author":"FH Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma FH, Li YA, Liu J, Li HM, Zhang GF, Qiang JW. Role of proton MR spectroscopy in the differentiation of borderline from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors: A preliminary study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;49(6):1684\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.26541. PubMed PMID: 30353967.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1087_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag","volume":"78","author":"M Takeuchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Harada M. Clinical value of N-acetyl mucinous compounds and lipid peaks in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian mucinous tumors by MR spectroscopy. Clin Imaging. 2021;78:127\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag. 2021.03.022 PubMed PMID: 33780785.","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"1087_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin Y, Hsieh CY, Huang YL, Chen K, Huang YT, Wu RC, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for risk stratification of sonographically indeterminate ovarian neoplasms: Preliminary study. Diagnostics. 2021;11(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11101847.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101847"},{"key":"1087_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour SM, Mohammed M, Gomma M, Nashaat Shafik P. Proton Mr spectroscopy and the detection of malignancy in ovarian masses. Report; 2019.","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190134"},{"issue":"4","key":"1087_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.698","volume":"14","author":"SW Provencher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Provencher SW. Automatic quantitation of localized in vivo 1H spectra with LCModel. NMR Biomed. 2001;14(4):260\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.698. PubMed PMID: 11410943.","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"}],"container-title":["Cancer Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40644-026-01087-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-026-01087-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40644-026-01087-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:05:11Z","timestamp":1791821111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40644-026-01087-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-026-01087-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-7330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-7330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"141"}}