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Endometrial regeneration is impaired in the presence of intrauterine adhesions, leading to infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss and placental abnormalities. Several types of somatic stem cells have been used to repair the damaged endometrium in animal models, reporting successful pregnancy. However, the ability of endometrial stem cells to repair the damaged endometrium remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrocoagulation was applied to the left uterine horn of NOD\/SCID mice causing endometrial injury. Human eMSC or PBS was then injected into the left injured horn while the right normal horn served as controls. Mice were sacrificed at different timepoints (Day 3, 7 and 14) and the endometrial morphological changes as well as the degree of endometrial injury and repair were observed by histological staining. Gene expression of various inflammatory markers was assessed using qPCR. The functionality of the repaired endometrium was evaluated by fertility test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human eMSC successfully incorporated into the injured uterine horn, which displayed significant morphological restoration. Also, endometrium in the eMSC group showed better cell proliferation and glands formation than the PBS group. Although the number of blood vessels were similar between the two groups, gene expression of VEGF-\u03b1 significantly increased in the eMSC group. Moreover, eMSC had a positive impact on the regeneration of both stromal and epithelial components of the mouse endometrium, indicated by significantly higher vimentin and CK19 protein expression. Reduced endometrial fibrosis and down-regulation of fibrosis markers were also observed in the eMSC group. The eMSC group had a significantly higher gene expression of anti-inflammatory factor\n                      <jats:italic>Il-10<\/jats:italic>\n                      and lower mRNA level of pro-inflammatory factors\n                      <jats:italic>Ifng<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Il-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , indicating the role of eMSC in regulation of inflammatory reactions. The eMSC group showed higher implantation sites than the PBS group, suggesting better endometrial receptivity with the presence of newly emerged endometrial lining.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest eMSC improves regeneration of injured endometrium in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-024-00484-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T23:30:09Z","timestamp":1707780609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Endometrial mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells improve regeneration of injured endometrium in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8276-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel W.S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond H.W.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest H.Y.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William S.B.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"484_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1089\/cell.2016.0062","volume":"19","author":"O Trohatou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trohatou O, Roubelakis MG. 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Respirology. 2021;26(2):161\u201370.","journal-title":"Respirology"}],"container-title":["Biological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40659-024-00484-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40659-024-00484-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40659-024-00484-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T06:19:00Z","timestamp":1708150740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/biolres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40659-024-00484-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40659-024-00484-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0717-6287"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0717-6287","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The human study protocol \u201cReconstruction of endometrial-like tissue from human endometrial stem cells\u201d (UW 20\u2013465) was approved on June 22, 2020, by Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong\/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster. The animal study protocol \u201cUterine regeneration after transplantation of endometrial stem cells\u201d (CULTRA No. 5532-20) was approved on November 17, 2020, by Centre for Comparative Medicine Research of the University of Hong Kong.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no completing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Completing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}