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Despite the advances in understanding SSC biology in mouse models, the mechanisms underlying human SSC development remain elusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we analyzed the signaling pathways involved in SSC regulation by testicular somatic cells using single-cell sequencing data (GEO datasets: GSE149512 and GSE112013) and identified that Leydig cells communicate with SSCs through pleiotrophin (PTN) and its receptor syndecan-2 (SDC2). Immunofluorescence, STRING prediction, and protein immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between PTN and SDC2 in spermatogonia, but their co-localization was observed only in approximately 50% of the cells. The knockdown of SDC2 in human SSC lines impaired cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and the expression of PLZF, a key marker for SSC self-renewal. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SDC2 knockdown downregulated the expression of GFRA1, a crucial factor for SSC proliferation and self-renewal, and inhibited the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Exogenous PTN rescued the proliferation and GFRA1 expression in SDC2 knockdown SSC lines. In addition, we found downregulation of PTN and SDC2 as well as altered localization in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients, suggesting that downregulation of PTN and SDC2 may be associated with impaired spermatogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results uncover a novel mechanism of human SSC regulation by the testicular microenvironment and suggest a potential therapeutic target for male infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-024-00546-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T12:03:19Z","timestamp":1726488199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["PTN from Leydig cells activates SDC2 and modulates human spermatogonial stem cell proliferation and survival via GFRA1"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Xueheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lvjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenghui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10293","key":"546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32708-2","volume":"397","author":"J Qiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiao J, Wang Y, Li X, Jiang F, Zhang Y, Ma J, et al. 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