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The most common strategy is the secretion of siderophores, low-molecular-weight compounds with a high affinity for ferric ions, which are involved in cellular iron uptake.\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium roqueforti<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the fungus responsible for the ripening of blue-veined cheeses, produces coprogen, a hydroxamate-type siderophore. However, to date, the molecular basis for its biosynthesis remains elusive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we identified and characterized a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) responsible for coprogen biosynthesis in\n                      <jats:italic>P. roqueforti<\/jats:italic>\n                      , named the\n                      <jats:italic>cop<\/jats:italic>\n                      BGC. This BGC contains seven genes, three of which (\n                      <jats:italic>copA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>copB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>copE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) encode enzymes directly involved in coprogen biosynthesis from precursors molecules. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we targeted these three genes and analyzed the resulting mutants by Liquid Chromatography\/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC\/HRMS). Our results confirmed that all three genes are necessary for coprogen biosynthesis. Phenotypically, the mutants displayed growth differences under iron-deficient conditions, which correlated with their ability to either synthesize or fail to synthesize coprogen B and dimerumic acid, intermediates in the coprogen pathway with siderophore activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results obtained in this work provide important insights into the molecular basis of coprogen biosynthesis in\n                      <jats:italic>P. roqueforti<\/jats:italic>\n                      , enhancing the understanding of how siderophores enable this fungus to thrive in iron-deficient environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-025-00633-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T06:08:58Z","timestamp":1753078138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular basis for the biosynthesis of the siderophore coprogen in the cheese-ripening fungus Penicillium roqueforti"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Kathia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Montanares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Gil-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel M.","family":"Forero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Vaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1754-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"633_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00080","volume":"3","author":"M Caza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caza M, Kronstad JW. 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