{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:55:36Z","timestamp":1793663736690,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye and Vis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To explore the associations between myopia defocus dosage (MDD), aberration coefficients (primary spherical aberration and coma), and axial elongation in children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho-k) with back optic zone diameters (BOZD) of 5\u00a0mm and 6\u00a0mm over 2\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data from 80 participants from two ortho-k studies were analyzed: 22 and 58 children wore lenses with 5-mm and 6-mm BOZD, respectively. Four MDD metrics were calculated from corneal topography data over a 5-mm pupil for the 1-month and 24-month visits: the circumferential, flat, steep, and volumetric MDD. Corneal primary spherical aberration and comatic aberrations were also extracted from topography data over a 5-mm pupil. Linear mixed modelling was performed to explore the associations between the\u00a0MDD, corneal aberrations, and axial elongation over 2\u00a0years, while controlling for confounding factors (e.g., baseline age and sex).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participants in the 5-mm BOZD group displayed less axial elongation than the 6-mm BOZD group over 2\u00a0years (0.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21\u00a0mm vs. 0.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A greater volumetric MDD was observed in the 5-mm BOZD group compared with the 6-mm BOZD group at the 1- and 24-month visits (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No significant differences were observed between the two groups for the other MDD metrics or corneal aberration coefficients (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Less axial elongation was associated with a greater volumetric MDD at the 1- and 24-month visits (both \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u20130.01, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), but not with any other MDD metrics or corneal aberrations (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The volumetric MDD over a 5-mm pupil after 1\u00a0month of ortho-k lens wear was associated with axial elongation after 24\u00a0months, and may be a useful predictor of future axial elongation in children undergoing ortho-k.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-024-00418-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:02:17Z","timestamp":1735862537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Association between axial elongation and corneal topography in children undergoing orthokeratology with different back optic zone diameters"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"418_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.010","volume":"123","author":"J Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang J, Wen D, Wang Q, McAlinden C, Flitcroft I, Chen H, et al. 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For the AOK study, ethics approval was also obtained from the Institutional Review Board of The University of Hong Kong (HKU)\/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster. All children provided assent and parents provided informed consent before participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"There is no financial interest in any of the products tested, except Randy Kojima, who is a Clinical Research and Development Director for Precision Technology Services (Vancouver, Canada), a partner in the KATT Design Group (Vancouver, Canada) and a clinical advisor to Medmont International Pty (Nunawading, Australia).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}