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Myopic children aged 8 to 13\u00a0years who were originally allocated to the HAL group in the 2-year clinical trial. The HAL group underwent a 5-year assessment for myopia progression using cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL). An extrapolated single-vision spectacle lenses (ESVL) group was used as a control group. The 5-year myopia progression and axial elongation of the ESVL group was calculated based on the 2-year data from the single-vision spectacle lenses group in the same clinical trial, and the data for the following 3\u00a0years was estimated by assuming an annual reduction in SER by 9.7% and in AL by 15%. A generalized linear model approach was used to evaluate the treatment efficacy. The validity of the ESVL group was evaluated by comparing myopia progression in the first year of the 3-year estimates with a single-vision spectacle lenses (SVL2) group from a 1-year extended study of the same clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-three participants from the original HAL group completed the 5-year visit (74%). Five-year myopia progression [mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard error (SE)] in the HAL group was\u2009\u2212\u20091.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14 D. Compared with the ESVL (\u2212\u20093.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18 D), myopia progression was\u2009\u2212\u20091.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.24 D less for the HAL group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The mean AL elongation over 5\u00a0years was 0.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u00a0mm for the HAL group compared with 1.40\u00a0mm in the ESVL group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), AL elongation was slower by 0.72\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10\u00a0mm for the HAL group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No significant differences were found for myopia (\u2212\u20090.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04 D vs\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2212\u20090.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 D) or AL elongation (0.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u00a0mm vs. 0.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u00a0mm) between the ESVL group and SVL2 group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>SER<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.83;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>AL<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.93) in year 3.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this 5-year study, HAL spectacles reduced the rate of myopia progression and axial elongation, preventing the equivalent of 3\u00a0years of myopia progression and axial elongation. Long-term use of HAL spectacles also decreased the incidence of high myopia. Extrapolated control groups are valid for evaluating myopia progression in long-term studies.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100047262),\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.html?proj=127182\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.html?proj=127182<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-025-00427-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T19:02:11Z","timestamp":1741114931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets: results of a 5-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"chictr2100047262","registry":"10.18810\/chictr"}],"author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xindan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaifeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiulin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Drobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Bullimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhua","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8014","key":"427_CR1","first-page":"989","volume":"629","author":"E Dolgin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dolgin E. 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BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):62.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Eye and Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40662-025-00427-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40662-025-00427-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40662-025-00427-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T19:02:18Z","timestamp":1741114938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eandv.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40662-025-00427-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-025-00427-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2326-0254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-0254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University\u00a0(2021-087-K-74) and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100047262). All the procedures were conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent and assent were obtained from the participants and their parents or guardians before participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Bj\u00f6rn Drobe is an employee of EssilorLuxottica, which supplied the study devices and is inventor of patents related to the study device. Mark Bullimore is a consultant for Alcon Research, CooperVision, Dopavision, EssilorLuxottica, Euclid Vision, Eyenovia, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson Vision, Kubota Vision, Novartis, Sydnexis, and Vyluma. The other authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}