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Non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the AH samples was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to identify metabolite differences before and after anti-VEGF treatment in patients with different ME etiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distinct metabolomic profiles were observed between pre- and post-treatment samples. A total of 145 significantly altered metabolites were identified after anti-VEGF treatment, with 84 upregulated metabolites related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and 61 downregulated metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism. Both common and etiology-specific metabolic alterations were observed. In age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-ME, treatment-induced metabolic changes mainly involved amino acid metabolism, whereas in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)-ME, lipid metabolism was primarily affected. Diabetic macular edema (DME) patients showed more complex metabolic alterations, involving amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections significantly alter AH metabolites in ME patients. These findings provide insight into underlying metabolic processes in ME pathogenesis and treatment efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-025-00444-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T02:24:07Z","timestamp":1752459847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metabolomics analysis uncovers metabolic changes and remodeling of anti-VEGF therapy on macular edema"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Congcong","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanyong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9987-9024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02075-6","volume":"37","author":"S Bhandari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhandari S, Nguyen V, Hunt A, Gabrielle PH, Viola F, Mehta H, et al. 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