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Systemic blood pressure (BP) and macular 6\u2009\u00d7\u20096\u00a0mm OCTA scans were obtained before the IHGT, during the IHGT, and after the IHGT. The main outcome was the change in processed OCTA signal (%), measured within high-density (126\u2009\u00d7\u2009126) grids and analysed by topographical clusters across the superficial retina, deep retina, and choriocapillaris. Results were compared against test\u2013retest thresholds to differentiate true IHGT-induced changes from measurement variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The IHGT increased systolic (13.83 [3.28, 24.39] mmHg) and diastolic BP (7.04 [3.57, 10.52] mmHg;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Adjusted for test\u2013retest thresholds, the IHGT increased processed OCTA signal (12.84 [8.49, 26.77] %,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) at nasal clusters in the superficial retina. These changes were moderately correlated with systolic BP increases (Spearman r\u2009=\u20090.43,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but not with diastolic BP. No changes were observed in the deep retina or choriocapillaris. Systemic BP and processed OCTA signal returned to baseline within 30\u00a0s after IHGT release.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hand-squeezing temporarily increases processed OCTA signal in the nasal superficial retina. This response may serve as a valuable marker of vascular function. Consequently, caution is warranted when interpreting OCTA following BP changes, such as those induced by physical activity or medication changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-025-00459-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:02:23Z","timestamp":1761955343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Localising OCTA changes induced by the isometric hand-grip test to the superficial retina in neovascular age-related macular degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6184-0666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt","family":"Trinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoh Ghen","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Nivison-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-015-0005-8","volume":"1","author":"TE de Carlo","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Carlo TE, Romano A, Waheed NK, Duker JS. 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