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Although the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is involved in inflammatory responses, its role in post-surgical fibrosis remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mouse GFS model was established in wild-type (WT) and STING-knockout (STING-KO) animals. A parallel cohort of WT mice received a single intraoperative subconjunctival injection of the STING inhibitor H151. Bleb survival, intraocular pressure, histopathology, collagen deposition, and inflammatory\/fibrotic markers were evaluated for 28\u00a0days. RNA sequencing, Western blotting, and ELISA were employed to profile the p38\/MAPK axis. Primary human Tenon\u2019s\u00a0capsule fibroblasts were treated with angiotensin II in the presence or absence of STING silencing or H151 to corroborate mechanisms in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STING expression was markedly up-regulated in fibroblasts within human and mice post-GFS tissues. STING-KO mice exhibited prolonged bleb survival together with reduced collagen deposition and fibroblast activation. RNA-sequencing revealed that STING deletion significantly altered the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Mechanistically, STING deficiency suppressed p38 MAPK phosphorylation, leading to decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines\u00a0interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, IL-18, and IL-1\u03b2, as well as the fibrogenic factors \u03b1-SMA, collagen I, fibronectin, connective tissue growth factor, and collagen type III alpha 1 at the surgical sites. Consistently, the selective STING inhibitor H151 recapitulated these effects by suppressing p38 MAPK signaling and markedly reducing fibrotic scarring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STING deficiency alleviates scar formation after GFS by suppressing p38 MAPK pathway. Targeting STING\/p38 axis may improve surgical outcomes by modulating the balance between inflammation and tissue repair.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-026-00475-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T03:35:13Z","timestamp":1770003313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["STING deficiency alleviates scar formation after glaucoma filtration surgery by suppressing p38 MAPK-induced inflammation in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Huifang","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinxiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5738-241X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongrong","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"475_CR1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. 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All specimens were collected after participants provided written informed consent. All animal procedures were approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University (Approval No. WYDW-2021-0576) and conducted in accordance with institutional and national guidelines, as well as the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement on the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. This work was conducted with academic independence, and no financial or personal relationships influenced the research presented.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7"}}