{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:42:38Z","timestamp":1777268558760,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye and Vis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sickle cell retinopathy (SCR) is a well-documented and potentially vision-threatening presentation of sickle cell disease (SCD). In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the management options for non-proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (NPSR) and proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR) based on the existing ophthalmic literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main text<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mainstay of NPSR treatment focuses on preventing progression to PSR by identifying and altering modifiable risk factors. Once NPSR progresses to PSR, suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression with laser photocoagulation or intravitreal anti-VEGF injections can be considered. While no standard criteria exist for timing and type of intervention, both treatment modalities have been utilized for advanced PSR. In contemporary practice, scatter laser photocoagulation is performed far more commonly than the historically described feeder-vessel photocoagulation. Surgical management typically includes pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckle (SB), or combined PPV-SB and are generally indicated in PSR for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage, tractional or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD), and epiretinal membrane formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is currently no consensus on standard guidelines for the management of SCR. Evidence suggests that surgical intervention can improve vision in advanced stages of PSR and that anti-VEGF therapy may have a role in treatment. However, studies in the ophthalmic literature are limited by relatively small sample sizes and difficulty accounting for a patient\u2019s prior medical or surgical interventions. Additionally, more robust studies are required to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF in SCR. A multidisciplinary team approach to SCR and SCD remains the cornerstone of management for this systemic disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-026-00484-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T03:34:32Z","timestamp":1777260872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Update and review of the current medical and surgical management of sickle cell retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carson W.","family":"Ercanbrack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Karimaghaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman H.","family":"Badawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moustafa","family":"Magliah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed B.","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"484_CR1","unstructured":"Feroze KB, Azevedo AM. Retinopathy Hemoglobinopathies. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441850\/. Accessed 6 Aug 2024."},{"key":"484_CR2","unstructured":"Mangla A, Ehsan M, Agarwal N, Maruvada S. Sickle Cell Anemia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482164\/. Accessed 6 Aug 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns5020020","volume":"5","author":"BPD Inusa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Inusa BPD, Hsu LL, Kohli N, Patel A, Ominu-Evbota K, Anie KA, et al. Sickle cell disease\u2014genetics, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment. Int J Neonatal Screen. 2019;5(2):20.","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"484_CR4","unstructured":"Karna B, Jha SK, Al Zaabi E. Hemoglobin C Disease. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559043\/. Accessed 6 Aug 2024."},{"issue":"11","key":"484_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.026","volume":"112","author":"SM Downes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Downes SM, Hambleton IR, Chuang EL, Lois N, Serjeant GR, Bird AC. Incidence and natural history of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: observations from a cohort study. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(11):1869\u201375.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"484_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492013000500016","volume":"76","author":"MTBC Bonanomi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonanomi MTBC, Lavezzo MM. Sickle cell retinopathy: diagnosis and treatment. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2013;76:320\u20137.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-022-00419-8","volume":"8","author":"M Nawaiseh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nawaiseh M, Roto A, Nawaiseh Y, Salameh M, Haddadin R, Mango L, et al. Risk factors associated with sickle cell retinopathy: findings from the cooperative study of sickle cell disease. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2022;8(1):68.","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-960X(03)00003-1","volume":"17","author":"RL Nagel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nagel RL, Fabry ME, Steinberg MH. The paradox of hemoglobin SC disease. Blood Rev. 2003;17(3):167\u201378.","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)90429-6","volume":"71","author":"MF Goldberg","year":"1971","unstructured":"Goldberg MF. Classification and pathogenesis of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;71(3):649\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"484_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101329","volume":"25","author":"TR Campagnoli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campagnoli TR, Krawitz BD, Lin J, Capa I, White EC, Albini TA, et al. Salmon patch\u2013associated vitreous hemorrhage in nonproliferative sickle cell retinopathy masquerading as infectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2022;25:101329.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"484_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000919","volume":"39","author":"DA Pahl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pahl DA, Green NS, Bhatia M, Chen RWS. New ways to detect pediatric sickle cell retinopathy: a comprehensive review. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2017;39(8):618\u201325.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"484_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-019-0177-8","volume":"5","author":"MO Linz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Linz MO, Scott AW. Wide-field imaging of sickle retinopathy. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2019;5(Suppl 1):27.","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"issue":"7","key":"484_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04294-2","volume":"257","author":"MEA Abdalla Elsayed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdalla Elsayed MEA, Mura M, Al Dhibi H, Schellini S, Malik R, Kozak I, et al. Sickle cell retinopathy: a focused review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(7):1353\u201364.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"484_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01918-y","volume":"36","author":"C Dinah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dinah C, Greystoke B, Mueller I, Talks J. Action on sickle cell retinopathy: the time is now. Eye (Lond). 2022;36(6):1138\u20139.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"484_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.10517","volume":"312","author":"BP Yawn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yawn BP, Buchanan GR, Afenyi-Annan AN, Ballas SK, Hassell KL, James AH, et al. Management of sickle cell disease: summary of the 2014 evidence-based report by expert panel members. JAMA. 2014;312(10):1033\u201348.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"484_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27439","volume":"99","author":"OW Cummings","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cummings OW, Rahman S, Fletcher L, Scott AW. Advances in sickle cell retinopathy screening techniques, tests, and practices: a systematic review. Am J Hematol. 2024;99(11):2152\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.11.014","volume":"15","author":"JB Rosenberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosenberg JB, Hutcheson KA. Pediatric sickle cell retinopathy: correlation with clinical factors. J AAPOS. 2011;15(1):49\u201353.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"4","key":"484_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100196","volume":"2","author":"A Pinhas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pinhas A, Migacz JV, Zhou DB, Castanos Toral MV, Otero-Marquez O, Israel S, et al. Insights into sickle cell disease through the retinal microvasculature. Ophthalmol Sci. 2022;2(4):100196.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"484_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111131","volume":"13","author":"SC Sadreameli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sadreameli SC, Kopp BT, Creary SE, Eakin MN, McGrath-Morrow S, Strouse JJ. Secondhand smoke is an important modifiable risk factor in sickle cell disease: a review of the current literature and areas for future research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(11):1131.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"484_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-265819","volume":"115","author":"RT Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohen RT, DeBaun MR, Blinder MA, Strunk RC, Field JJ. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of acute chest syndrome and pain among adults with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2010;115(18):3852\u20134.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"484_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.12.1197","volume":"157","author":"DC West","year":"2003","unstructured":"West DC, Romano PS, Azari R, Rudominer A, Holman M, Sandhu S. Impact of environmental tobacco smoke on children with sickle cell disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(12):1197\u2013201.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR22","first-page":"267","volume":"84","author":"RC Young","year":"1992","unstructured":"Young RC, Rachal RE, Hackney RL, Uy CG, Scott RB. Smoking is a factor in causing acute chest syndrome in sickle cell anemia. J Natl Med Assoc. 1992;84(3):267\u201371.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"484_CR23","first-page":"ATMP110","volume":"46","author":"H Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan H, Chughtai M, Malik AA, Qureshi AI, Suri FK. Central retinal artery occlusion in patients with sickle cell disease. Stroke. 2015;46(Suppl 1):ATMP110.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"484_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.1088827","volume":"14","author":"PT McGann","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGann PT, Ware RE. Hydroxyurea therapy for sickle cell anemia. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(11):1749\u201358.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12238","volume":"161","author":"JH Estepp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Estepp JH, Smeltzer MP, Wang WC, Hoehn ME, Hankins JS, Aygun B. Protection from sickle cell retinopathy is associated with elevated HbF levels and hydroxycarbamide use in children. Br J Haematol. 2013;161(3):402\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"484_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15617","volume":"183","author":"UK Mian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mian UK, Tang J, Allende APM, Heo M, Bernstein N, Vattappally L, et al. Elevated fetal hemoglobin levels are associated with decreased incidence of retinopathy in adults with sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 2018;183(5):807\u201311.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6525","volume":"139","author":"JI Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim JI, Niec M, Sun J, Cao D. Longitudinal assessment of retinal thinning in adults with and without sickle cell retinopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(3):330\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"484_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8081670","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8081670","volume":"2018","author":"D Chinwong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chinwong D, Mookmanee N, Chongpornchai J, Chinwong S. A comparison of gender differences in smoking behaviors, intention to quit, and nicotine dependence among Thai university students. J Addict. 2018;2018:8081670.","journal-title":"J Addict"},{"key":"484_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.09.025","volume":"197","author":"XJ Duan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duan XJ, Lanzkron S, Linz MO, Ewing C, Wang J, Scott AW. Clinical and ophthalmic factors associated with the severity of sickle cell retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;197:105\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"484_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182364cba","volume":"90","author":"N Leveziel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leveziel N, Bastuji-Garin S, Lalloum F, Querques G, Benlian P, Binaghi M, et al. Clinical and laboratory factors associated with the severity of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy in patients with sickle cell hemoglobin C (SC) and homozygous sickle cell disease (SS). Medicine (Baltimore). 2011;90(6):372\u20138.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000044943.12533.A8","volume":"107","author":"MT Gladwin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gladwin MT, Schechter AN, Ognibene FP, Coles WA, Reiter CD, Schenke WH, et al. Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease. Circulation. 2003;107(2):271\u20138.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21582","volume":"85","author":"A Solovey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Solovey A, Kollander R, Chang Milbauer L, Abdulla F, Chen Y, Kelm RJ Jr, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide regulate endothelial tissue factor expression in vivo in the sickle transgenic mouse. Am J Hematol. 2010;85(1):41\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"8","key":"484_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0162-8","volume":"32","author":"KN Amissah-Arthur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amissah-Arthur KN, Mensah E. The past, present and future management of sickle cell retinopathy within an African context. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(8):1304\u201314.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"484_CR34","first-page":"CD010790","volume":"2015","author":"KT Myint","year":"2015","unstructured":"Myint KT, Sahoo S, Thein AW, Moe S, Ni H. Laser therapy for retinopathy in sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(10):CD010790.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"484_CR35","first-page":"3797","volume":"63","author":"MT Griffin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Griffin MT, Mahmoudzadeh R, Xu D, Light J. Indications cited when initiating scatter laser photocoagulation in proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022;63(7):3797-F0218.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"484_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.160","volume":"7","author":"PD Fox","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fox PD, Minninger K, Forshaw ML, Vessey SJR, Morris JS, Serjeant GR. Laser photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy in sickle hemoglobin C disease. Eye (Lond). 1993;7(5):703\u20136.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"484_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90285-8","volume":"80","author":"KC Nagpal","year":"1975","unstructured":"Nagpal KC, Patrianakos D, Asdourian GK, Goldberg MF, Rabb M, Jampol L. Spontaneous regression (autoinfarction) of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;80(5):885\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"484_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(83)34537-1","volume":"90","author":"LM Jampol","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jampol LM, Condon P, Farber M, Rabb M, Ford S, Serjeant G. A randomized clinical trial of feeder vessel photocoagulation of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. I. Preliminary results. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(5):540\u20135.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR39","first-page":"87","volume":"101","author":"AM Hamilton","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hamilton AM, Townsend C, Khoury D, Gould E, Blach RK. Xenon Arc and Argon laser photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic disc neovascularization. Part 1. Effect on disc vessels, visual fields, and visual acuity. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1981;101(1):87\u201392.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080030065040","volume":"109","author":"MD Farber","year":"1991","unstructured":"Farber MD, Jampol LM, Fox P, Moriarty BJ, Acheson RW, Rabb MF. A randomized clinical trial of scatter photocoagulation of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(3):363\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800213","volume":"18","author":"D Sayag","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sayag D, Binaghi M, Souied EH, Querques G, Galacteros F, Coscas G, et al. Retinal photocoagulation for proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: a prospective clinical trial with new sea fan classification. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18(2):248\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.51496\/jogm.v2.83","volume":"2","author":"O Oderinlo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oderinlo O, Bulus SS, Umeh V, Oshunkoya L, Hassan A. A review of outcomes of laser photocoagulation for Goldberg stage 3 proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. J Glob Med. 2022;2(1):e83.","journal-title":"J Glob Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01026-1","volume":"132","author":"M Veckeneer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Veckeneer M, Overdam KV, Bouwens D, Feron E, Mertens D, Peperkamp E, et al. Randomized clinical trial of cryotherapy versus laser photocoagulation for retinopexy in conventional retinal detachment surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(3):343\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"484_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13071150","volume":"13","author":"P Alexander","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexander P, Snead MP. Prevention of blindness in Stickler syndrome. Genes. 2022;13(7):1150.","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.63.2.97","volume":"63","author":"MH Goldbaum","year":"1979","unstructured":"Goldbaum MH, Fletcher RC, Jampol LM, Goldberg MF. Cryotherapy of proliferative sickle retinopathy, II: triple freeze-thaw cycle. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(2):97\u2013101.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90704-8","volume":"93","author":"TA Hanscom","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hanscom TA. Indirect treatment of peripheral retinal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93(1):88\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e3182845d31","volume":"7","author":"A Moshiri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moshiri A, Ha NK, Ko FS, Scott AW. Bevacizumab presurgical treatment for proliferative sickle cell retinopathy\u2013related retinal detachment. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2013;7(3):204\u20135.","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"484_CR48","first-page":"682583","volume":"2014","author":"PG Mitropoulos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitropoulos PG, Chatziralli IP, Parikakis EA, Peponis VG, Amariotakis GA, Moschos MM. Intravitreal ranibizumab for stage IV proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: a first case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2014;2014:682583.","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"484_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19513","volume":"57","author":"M Rodrigues","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodrigues M, Kashiwabuchi F, Deshpande M, Jee K, Goldberg MF, Lutty G, et al. Expression pattern of HIF-1\u03b1 and VEGF supports circumferential application of scatter laser for proliferative sickle retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(15):6739\u201346.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR50","first-page":"19","volume":"16","author":"F Obeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Obeng F, Vig V, Singh P, Singh R, Ahonon Y. Analysis of best management of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy in an African population: a retrospective analytical study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2022;16(2):19\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231199273","volume":"34","author":"ON Okonkwo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okonkwo ON, Hassan AO, Oyekunle I, Akanbi T, Agweye C. Visual outcome of treating proliferative sickle cell retinopathy in 108 eyes. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2024;34(2):558\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"484_CR52","first-page":"1724","volume":"65","author":"JI Lim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lim JI, Okonkwo O, Regillo C, Wykoff CC, Cao J, Mansour H, et al. Anti-VEGF therapy for stage 3 and stage 4 proliferative sickle cell retinopathy results in improved anatomic and visual outcomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65(7):1724.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"484_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0914-4","volume":"246","author":"S Moradian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moradian S, Ahmadieh H, Malihi M, Soheilian M, Dehghan MH, Azarmina M. Intravitreal bevacizumab in active progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(12):1699\u2013705.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"484_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-308199","volume":"100","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Qi Y, Chen L, Shi X, Bai Y, Huang L, et al. The relationship between anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and fibrosis in proliferative retinopathy: clinical and laboratory evidence. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(10):1443\u201350.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"484_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.058164","volume":"89","author":"JS Mohan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mohan JS, Lip PL, Blann AD, Bareford D, Lip GYH. The angiopoietin\/Tie-2 system in proliferative sickle retinopathy: relation to vascular endothelial growth factor, its soluble receptor Flt-1 and von Willebrand factor, and to the effects of laser treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(7):815\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"484_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001486","volume":"41","author":"NG Andrawes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrawes NG, Ismail EA, Roshdy MM, Ebeid FSE, Eissa DS, Ibrahim AM. Angiopoietin-2 as a marker of retinopathy in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: relation to subclinical atherosclerosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019;41(5):361\u201370.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bvth.2024.100001","volume":"1","author":"TF Siegert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siegert TF, Opoka RO, Nakafeero M, Carman A, Mellencamp KA, Latham T, et al. Angiopoietin-2 is associated with sickle cell complications, including stroke risk, and decreases with hydroxyurea therapy. Blood Vessels Thromb Hemost. 2024;1(1):100001.","journal-title":"Blood Vessels Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"22","key":"484_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15732","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.22.15732","volume":"274","author":"H Oh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Oh H, Takagi H, Suzuma K, Otani A, Matsumura M, Honda Y. Hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor selectively up-regulate Angiopoietin-2 in bovine microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(22):15732\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"484_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.8.852","volume":"83","author":"SJ Mandriota","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mandriota SJ, Pepper MS. Regulation of angiopoietin-2 mRNA levels in bovine microvascular endothelial cells by cytokines and hypoxia. Circ Res. 1998;83(8):852\u20139.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"484_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2025.104516","volume":"48","author":"ON Okonkwo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Okonkwo ON, Hassan AO, Ajiboye I, Onunwa OZ, Oyekunle I. Intravitreal injection of faricimab to treat macular and retinovascular diseases in Nigerians: early real-world experience. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2025;48(6):104516.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"484_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.12.019","volume":"157","author":"RWS Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen RWS, Flynn HW Jr, Lee WH, Parke DW, Isom RF, Davis JL, et al. Vitreoretinal management and surgical outcomes in proliferative sickle retinopathy: a case series. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(4):870\u20135.e1.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"484_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000323","volume":"60","author":"H Nithianandan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nithianandan H, Sridhar J. Surgical and medical perioperative management of sickle cell retinopathy: a literature review. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2020;60(4):77\u201387.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1973.01000050092002","volume":"90","author":"DB Freilich","year":"1973","unstructured":"Freilich DB, Seelenfreund MH. Hyperbaric oxygen, retinal detachment, and sickle cell anemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973;90(2):90\u20133.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"484_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-370","volume":"8","author":"H Canan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Canan H, Ulas B, Altan-Yaycioglu R. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in combination with systemic treatment of sickle cell disease presenting as central retinal artery occlusion: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2014;8:370.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"484_CR65","first-page":"1155","volume":"26","author":"CR Wallyn","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wallyn CR, Jampol LM, Goldberg MF, Zanetti CL. The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of sickle cell hyphema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26(8):1155\u20138.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"484_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030030593008","volume":"100","author":"LM Jampol","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jampol LM, Green JL, Goldberg MF, Peyman GA. An update on vitrectomy surgery and retinal detachment repair in sickle cell disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100(4):591\u20133.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"484_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060140721042","volume":"106","author":"JS Pulido","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pulido JS, Flynn HW Jr, Clarkson JG, Blankenship GW. Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of complications of proliferative sickle retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106(11):1553\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9870","key":"484_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61726-7","volume":"381","author":"J Howard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howard J, Malfroy M, Llewelyn C, Choo L, Hodge R, Johnson T, et al. The Transfusion Alternatives Preoperatively in Sickle Cell Disease (TAPS) study: a randomised, controlled, multicentre clinical trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9870):930\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"484_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000524","volume":"109","author":"RD Paschal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paschal RD. Perioperative management in sickle cell disease. South Med J. 2016;109(9):557\u20139.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03415.x","volume":"21","author":"PG Firth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Firth PG, McMillan KN, Haberkern CM, Yaster M, Bender MA, Goodwin SR. A survey of perioperative management of sickle cell disease in North America. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21(1):43\u20139.","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"7","key":"484_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2014.08.001","volume":"33","author":"A De Jong","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Jong A, Futier E, Millot A, Coisel Y, Jung B, Chanques G, et al. How to preoxygenate in the operating room: healthy subjects and situations at risk. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2014;33(7):457\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/njo.njo_17_23","volume":"31","author":"O Oderinlo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oderinlo O, Umeh V, Hassan A, Oshunkoya L, Bulus S, Olukotun A. Technique and outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery for complications of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Niger J Ophthalmol. 2023;31(3):95\u2013101.","journal-title":"Niger J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"484_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101378","volume":"107","author":"Y Jia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jia Y, Hormel TT, Hwang TS, Wu AL, Liang GB, Guo Y, et al. Widefield OCT angiography. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2025;107:101378.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)91588-1","volume":"72","author":"SJ Ryan","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ryan SJ, Goldberg MF. Anterior segment ischemia following scleral buckling in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;72(1):35\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"484_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2024.01.023","volume":"8","author":"LJ Rohowetz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rohowetz LJ, Panneerselvam S, Williams BK Jr, Smiddy WE, Berrocal AM, Townsend JH, et al. Proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmol Retina. 2024;8(8):832\u20137.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-024-03186-7","volume":"44","author":"MC Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu MC, Lee YY, Kuo HK. Clinical features of retinal detachment treated with segmental scleral buckling. Int Ophthalmol. 2024;44(1):304.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"484_CR77","first-page":"3102","volume":"62","author":"C Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang C, Astafurov K, Roth D. The use of encircling versus segmental buckling as primary surgery for retinal detachment repair. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62:3102.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"484_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.296","volume":"23","author":"TH Williamson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williamson TH, Rajput R, Laidlaw DAH, Mokete B. Vitreoretinal management of the complications of sickle cell retinopathy by observation or pars plana vitrectomy. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(6):1314\u201320.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"484_CR79","first-page":"369","volume":"17","author":"SB Cohen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cohen SB, Fletcher ME, Goldberg MF, Jednock NJ. Diagnosis and management of ocular complications of sickle hemoglobinopathies: Part V. Ophthalmic Surg. 1986;17(6):369\u201374.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"484_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0127-y","volume":"32","author":"J Ho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ho J, Grabowska A, Ugarte M, Muqit MM. A comparison of 23-gauge and 20-gauge vitrectomy for proliferative sickle cell retinopathy: clinical outcomes and surgical management. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(9):1449\u201354.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"484_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.11.019","volume":"224","author":"S Fares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fares S, Hajjar S, Romana M, Connes P, Acomat M, Zorobabel C, et al. Sickle cell maculopathy: microstructural analysis using OCTA and identification of genetic, systemic, and biological risk factors. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;224:7\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193582","volume":"13","author":"L Dell\u2019Arti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Arti L, Barteselli G, Riva L, Carini E, Graziadei G, Benatti E, et al. Sickle cell maculopathy: identification of systemic risk factors and microstructural analysis of individual retinal layers of the macula. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193582.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.67","volume":"66","author":"A Bourdin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bourdin A, Ranque B, Flamarion E, Charlier J, Arlet JB, Orssaud C. Correlations between visual field defects and macular thinning in sickle cell disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66(2):67.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"484_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226210","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1226210","volume":"10","author":"C Orssaud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orssaud C, Flamarion E, Michon A, Ranque B, Arlet JB. Relationship between paramacular thinning, cerebral vasculopathy, and hematological risk factors in sickle cell disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1226210.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000309","volume":"35","author":"F Brasileiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brasileiro F, Martins TT, Campos SB, Andrade Neto JL, Bravo-Filho VT, Ara\u00fajo AS, et al. Macular and peripapillary spectral-domain optical coherence tomography changes in sickle cell retinopathy. Retina. 2015;35(2):257\u201364.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"484_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305532","volume":"99","author":"R Mathew","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mathew R, Bafiq R, Ramu J, Pearce E, Richardson M, Drasar E, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients with sickle cell disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(7):967\u201372.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"484_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100862","volume":"5","author":"SS Ong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ong SS, Nampomba A, Rahman S, Thangamathesvaran L, Reilly G, Ma J, et al. Macular thinning and microvasculature abnormalities in children with Sickle cell disease: a longitudinal analysis. Ophthalmol Sci. 2025;5(6):100862.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"484_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.03.013","volume":"192","author":"JI Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim JI, Cao D. Analysis of retinal thinning using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging of Sickle cell retinopathy eyes compared to age- and race-matched control eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;192:229\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"484_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S195168","volume":"13","author":"SA Hussnain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hussnain SA, Coady PA, Slade MD, Carbonella J, Pashankar F, Adelman RA, et al. Hemoglobin level and macular thinning in sickle cell disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:627\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"484_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000512636","volume":"244","author":"H Sahak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sahak H, Saqalain M, Lott PW, McKibbin M. Sickle cell maculopathy: prevalence, associations and impact on visual acuity. Ophthalmologica. 2020;244(2):159\u201364.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"484_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2023.101913","volume":"32","author":"PSY Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee PSY, Alfaro C, Me R, Lin X. Acute macular infarctions in pediatric patients with hemoglobin SS disease. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2023;32:101913.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"484_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.5.746","volume":"124","author":"AJ Witkin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Witkin AJ, Rogers AH, Ko TH, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS, Duker JS. Optical coherence tomography demonstration of macular infarction in sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(5):746\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"484_CR93","unstructured":"Shukla UV, Tripathy K. Diabetic Retinopathy. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2025. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK560805\/. Accessed 24 Jan 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"484_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100490","volume":"4","author":"MZ Chauhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chauhan MZ, Elhusseiny AM, Sallam AB. The association of sickle cell disorders with diabetic retinopathy: a large database study. Ophthalmol Sci. 2024;4(4):100490.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"484_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-119039","volume":"132","author":"J Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou J, Han J, Nutescu EA, Galanter W, Walton SM, Gordeuk VR, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with sickle cell disease: a population-based longitudinal analysis of three cohorts. Blood. 2018;132:4817.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"484_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-165314","volume":"140","author":"R Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun R, Han J, Lash JP, Gordeuk VR, Saraf SL. Diabetes, diabetic control, and kidney dysfunction in adults with Sickle cell disease. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):5442\u20133.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"484_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30033-0","volume":"6","author":"S Skinner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skinner S, Pialoux V, Fromy B, Sigaudo-Roussel D, Connes P. Sickle-cell trait and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(11):840\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"484_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1977.03630150035011","volume":"137","author":"KC Nagpal","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nagpal KC, Asdourian GK, Patrianakos D, Goldberg MF, Rabb MF, Goldbaum M, et al. Proliferative retinopathy in sickle cell trait: report of seven cases. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137(3):325\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"484_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v15i1.5962","volume":"15","author":"KA Rezaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rezaei KA, Vangipuarm G, Saraf SS, Zhang Q, Wang R. Profound presentation of retinopathy in a patient with sickle cell trait and diabetes mellitus. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2020;15(1):116\u20137.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"484_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.145","volume":"9","author":"H Jackson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jackson H, Bentley CR, Hingorani M, Atkinson P, Aclimandos WA, Thompson GM. Sickle retinopathy in patients with sickle trait. Eye (Lond). 1995;9(Pt 5):589\u201393.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"484_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004156","volume":"44","author":"LJ Rohowetz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rohowetz LJ, Shaheen A, Magraner M, Flynn HW Jr, Williams BK Jr, Smiddy WE, et al. Surgical outcomes in concurrent sickle cell and diabetic retinopathy. Retina. 2024;44(9):1560\u20134.","journal-title":"Retina"}],"container-title":["Eye and Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40662-026-00484-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40662-026-00484-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40662-026-00484-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:01:49Z","timestamp":1777266109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40662-026-00484-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-026-00484-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2326-0254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-0254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16"}}