{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:33:38Z","timestamp":1790084018089,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["matern health, neonatol and perinatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Following expansive legalization of cannabis in many parts of the United States, cannabis use in pregnancy has increased several fold. There is a pressing need to understand the maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with this exposure.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To quantify the maternal and neonatal outcomes of mothers using cannabis during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We searched five databases for all relevant observational studies, from each database\u2019s inception until March 1st 2024.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Study selection<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Two reviewers separately screened the studies in duplicate. Our initial search yielded 5184 studies, of which 51 (0.98%) were included in our qualitative synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study adhered to PRISMA guidelines and independent extraction by two researchers was utilized. We used a 95% confidence interval and the random effects model, as there was significant heterogeneity between studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The 51 included studies yielded a total population of 7,920,383 pregnant women. Cannabis consumption was associated with increased risks of low birth weight (RR\u2009=\u20091.69,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(1.34,2.14)<jats:italic>,P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), small for gestational age (RR\u2009=\u20091.79,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(1.52, 2.1),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), major anomalies (RR\u2009=\u20091.81,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(1.48, 2.23),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), decreased head circumference (MD\u2009=\u2009-0.34,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(-0.57,-0.11),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004), birth weight (MD\u2009=\u2009-177.81,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(-224.72,-130.91),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), birth length (MD\u2009=\u2009-0.87,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(-1.15,-0.59),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), gestational age (MD\u2009=\u2009-0.21,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(-0.35,-0.08),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), NICU admission (RR\u2009=\u20091.55,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(1.36,1.78),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), perinatal mortality (RR\u2009=\u20091.72,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(1.09,2.71),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), and preterm delivery (RR\u2009=\u20091.39,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(1.23,1.56),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001). Cannabis use was also associated with a decreased risk of gestational diabetes in pregnancy (RR\u2009=\u20090.64,95% CI\u2009=\u2009(0.55,0.75),<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.00001).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Inclusion of the latest published data continues to show worse maternal and neonatal outcomes for mothers using cannabis in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-025-00216-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T22:03:18Z","timestamp":1753999398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Meta-analysis of maternal and neonatal outcomes of cannabis use in pregnancy current to March 2024"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katelyn","family":"Sainz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollie","family":"Ulibarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Gonzalez","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Ruffley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"McKenna","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg J.","family":"Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"216_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.7982","volume":"322","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Han B, Compton WM, McCance-Katz EF. 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