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BCG is an effective vaccine, but not widely used in many parts of the world due to a variety of issues.\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is another vaccine used in human subjects to prevent tuberculosis. In the current study, we investigated the potential mechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccination by determining differentially expressed genes in mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      before and after\n                      <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three days after exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      H37Rv strain (5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009CFU), adult BALB\/c mice randomly received either\n                      <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccine (22.5\u2009\u03bcg) or vehicle via intramuscular injection (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098). Booster immunization was conducted 14 and 28\u2009days after the primary immunization. Differentially expressed genes were identified by microarray followed by standard bioinformatics analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccination provided protection against\n                      <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (most prominent in the lungs). We identified 2326 upregulated and 2221 downregulated genes in vaccinated mice. These changes could be mapped to a total of 123 signaling pathways (68 upregulated and 55 downregulated). Further analysis pinpointed to the MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway as most likely to be functional.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccine provided good protection in mice against\n                      <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, via a highly complex set of molecular changes. Our findings may provide clue to guide development of more effective vaccine against tuberculosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00258-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T10:32:47Z","timestamp":1591180367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine in a mouse model of tuberculosis: protective action and differentially expressed genes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wen-Ping","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Bo","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Xian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Rong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Chang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Qiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"258_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000601","volume":"164","author":"SV Gordon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gordon SV, Parish T. 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