{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:19:47Z","timestamp":1789503587701,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Transverse Research Project of Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital","award":["JYHX2022007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYHX2022007"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Program of Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["JYLJ202111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYLJ202111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Military Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the efficacy of absolute ethanol (EtOH), its radiolucency introduces several risks in interventional therapy for treating vascular malformations. This study aims to develop a novel radiopaque ethanol injection (REI) to address this issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Iopromide is mixed with ethanol to achieve radiopacity and improve the physicochemical properties of the solution. Overall, 82 male New Zealand white rabbits are selected for in vivo radiopacity testing, peripheral vein sclerosis [animals were divided into the following 5 groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096): negative control (NC, saline, 0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), positive control (EtOH, 0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), low-dose REI (L-D REI, 0.125\u00a0ml\/kg), moderate-dose REI (M-D REI, 0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), and high-dose REI (H-D REI 0.375\u00a0ml\/kg)], pharmacokinetic analyses (the blood sample was harvested before injection, 5\u00a0min, 10\u00a0min, 20\u00a0min, 40\u00a0min, 1\u00a0h, 2\u00a0h, 4\u00a0h, and 8\u00a0h after injection in peripheral vein sclerosis experiment), peripheral artery embolization [animals were divided into the following 5 groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093): NC (saline, 0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), positive control (EtOH, 0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), L-D REI (0.125\u00a0ml\/kg), M-D REI (0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), and H-D REI (0.375\u00a0ml\/kg)], kidney transcatheter arterial embolization [animals were divided into the following 4 groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093): positive control (EtOH, 0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), L-D REI (0.125\u00a0ml\/kg), M-D REI (0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), and H-D REI (0.375\u00a0ml\/kg); each healthy kidney was injected with saline as negative control], and biosafety evaluations [animals were divided into the following 5 groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093): NC (0.250 ml\/kg), high-dose EtOH (0.375\u00a0ml\/kg), L-D REI (0.125\u00a0ml\/kg), M-D REI (0.250\u00a0ml\/kg), and H-D REI (0.375\u00a0ml\/kg)]. Then, a prospective cohort study involving 6 patients with peripheral venous malformations (VMs) is performed to explore the clinical safety and effectiveness of REI. From Jun 1, 2023 to August 31, 2023, 6 patients [age: (33.3\u2009\u00b1\u200917.2) years] with lingual VMs received sclerotherapy of REI and 2-month follow-up. Adverse events and serious adverse events were evaluated, whereas the efficacy of REI was determined by both the traceability of the REI under DSA throughout the entire injection and the therapeutic effect 2\u00a0months after a single injection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The REI contains 81.4% ethanol (v\/v) and 111.3\u00a0mg\/ml iodine, which can be traced throughout the injection in the animals and patients. The REI also exerts a similar effect as EtOH on peripheral venous sclerosis, peripheral arterial embolization, and renal embolization. Furthermore, the REI can be metabolized at a similar rate compared to EtOH and Ultravist\u00ae and did not cause injury to the animals\u2019 heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and brain. No REI-related adverse effects have occurred during sclerotherapy of VMs, and 4\/6 patients (66.7%) have achieved complete response at follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, REI is safe, exerts therapeutic effects, and compensates for the radiolucency of EtOH in treating VMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical trial was registered as No. ChiCTR2300071751 on May 24 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-024-00542-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:02:09Z","timestamp":1718841729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Novel radiopaque ethanol injection: physicochemical properties, animal experiments, and clinical application in vascular malformations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1181-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De-Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi-Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2315-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen-Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7052-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Zhe","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Feng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian-Zhou","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1810-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruo-Yu","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-8303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Xiong","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Xin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8117-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin-Dong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376263","volume":"28","author":"JA Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox JA, Bartlett E, Lee EI. Vascular malformations: a review. Semin Plast Surg. 2014;28(2):58\u201363.","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"542_CR2","first-page":"1069","volume":"30","author":"M Hayakawa","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hayakawa M, Ao T, Nagakura K, Fujioka T, Nakamura H, Ido K. Intra-arterial injection therapy with ethanol for a patient with renal arteriovenous fistula. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1984;30(8):1069\u201374.","journal-title":"Hinyokika Kiyo"},{"issue":"6","key":"542_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1539","volume":"30","author":"XD Fan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fan XD, Su LX, Zheng JW, Zheng LZ, Zhang ZY. Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations of the mandible. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(6):1178\u201383.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"542_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1687","volume":"30","author":"LZ Zheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zheng LZ, Fan XD, Zheng JW, Su LX. Ethanol embolization of auricular arteriovenous malformations: preliminary results of 17 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(9):1679\u201384.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"542_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2015.02.020","volume":"50","author":"L Su","year":"2015","unstructured":"Su L, Wang D, Han Y, Wang Z, Zheng L, Fan X. Absolute ethanol embolization of infiltrating-diffuse extracranial arteriovenous malformations in the head and neck. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(1):114\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2017.10.005","volume":"29","author":"Y Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han Y, Fan X, Su L, Wang Z. Absolute ethanol embolization combined with surgical resection of scalp arteriovenous malformations: interim results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29(3):312\u20139.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.08.286","volume":"72","author":"L Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng L, Su L, Wang D, Wang Z, Wen M, Yang X, et al. Ethanol embolization of lingual arteriovenous malformations: positive experience in 52 patients during 11 years. J Vasc Surg. 2020;72(2):651\u20137.e4.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"542_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2021.09.004","volume":"33","author":"LX Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su LX, Li XY, Zhao ZJ, Shao YH, Fan XD, Wen MZ, et al. Absolute ethanol embolization of lip arteriovenous malformations: observational results from 10 years of experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2022;33(1):42\u20138.e4.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2018.03.001","volume":"21","author":"AN Hage","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hage AN, Chick JFB, Srinivasa RN, Bundy JJ, Chauhan NR, Acord M, et al. Treatment of venous malformations: the data, where we are, and how it is done. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;21(2):45\u201354.","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1144","volume":"6","author":"J Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang J, Li HB, Zhou SY, Chen KS, Niu CQ, Tan XY, et al. Comparison between absolute ethanol and bleomycin for the treatment of venous malformation in children. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6(2):305\u20139.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24588","volume":"39","author":"D Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang D, Su L, Han Y, Wang Z, Zheng L, Li J, et al. Direct intralesional ethanol sclerotherapy of extensive venous malformations with oropharyngeal involvement after a temporary tracheotomy in the head and neck: initial results. Head Neck. 2017;39(2):288\u201396.","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/159101990401000203","volume":"10","author":"K Sannier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sannier K, Dompmartin A, Th\u00e9ron J, Labb\u00e9 D, Barrellier MT, Leroyer R, et al. A new sclerosing agent in the treatment of venous malformations. Study on 23 cases. Interv Neuroradiol. 2004;10(2):113\u201327.","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol."},{"key":"542_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen Y, Wang Z, Su L, Zheng L, Han Y, Jiao X, et al. Inhibition of angiotensin II type 1 receptor partially prevents acute elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure induced by endovascular ethanol injection. Hypertens Res. 2023;46(4):972\u201383.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-01132-7"},{"key":"542_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.22575\/interventionalradiology.3-1G3","volume":"3","author":"T Saguchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saguchi T, Yasunori A, Seiji K, Atsushi K, Kazuhiro S. Guidelines for absolute ethanol for use in vascular embolization, 2016 edition. Interventional Radiology. 2018;3:44\u201365.","journal-title":"Interventional Radiology."},{"issue":"7","key":"542_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198607000-00011","volume":"21","author":"JH Park","year":"1986","unstructured":"Park JH, Jeon SC, Kang HS, Im JG, Han MC, Kim CW. Transcatheter renal arterial embolization with the mixture of ethanol and iodized oil (lipiodol). Invest Radiol. 1986;21(7):577\u201380.","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"542_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199612000-00004","volume":"31","author":"N Miyazono","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miyazono N, Ueno K, Nakajo M, Nishida H, Inoue H, Tsuchimochi S, et al. Transcatheter arterial renal and adrenal embolization with iohexol-ethanol solutions. Animal experimental study and clinical application. Invest Radiol. 1996;31(12):755\u201360.","journal-title":"Invest Radiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"542_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.0981","volume":"22","author":"R Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim R, Do YS, Park KB. How to treat peripheral arteriovenous malformations. Korean J Radiol. 2021;22(4):568\u201376.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"542_CR18","volume-title":"Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China","author":"ZRGWSBYDWY Hui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hui ZRGWSBYDWY. Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China. 11th ed. Beijing: China Medical Science Press; 2020.","edition":"11"},{"issue":"4","key":"542_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2009.09.007","volume":"12","author":"DT Ginat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ginat DT, Saad WEA, Turba UC. Transcatheter renal artery embolization: clinical applications and techniques. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;12(4):224\u201339.","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-003-2632-y","volume":"26","author":"PL Moreira","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moreira PL, An YH. Animal models for therapeutic embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003;26(2):100\u201310.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"542_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps30572","volume":"22","author":"B Le Dar\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le Dar\u00e9 B, Gicquel T. Therapeutic applications of ethanol: a review. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019;22(1):525\u201335.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR22","first-page":"295","volume":"30","author":"M Sasaki","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sasaki M, Tadokoro S, Kimura S, Mori M, Kosuda S, Tachibana M. Two cases of renal arteriovenous fistula treated by transcatheter embolization with absolute ethanol. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1984;30(3):295\u20138.","journal-title":"Hinyokika Kiyo"},{"issue":"5","key":"542_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.10.5.2217971","volume":"10","author":"WF Yakes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yakes WF, Luethke JM, Parker SH, Stavros AT, Rak KM, Hopper KD, et al. Ethanol embolization of vascular malformations. Radiographics. 1990;10(5):787\u201396.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"542_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1983037","volume":"38","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Xu J, Yu J, Liang P. Review of clinical tumor ablation advance in Asia. Int J Hyperthermia. 2021;38(1):1639\u201349.","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-015-1184-2","volume":"39","author":"N Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown N, Olayos E, Elmer S, Wong LM, Brooks DM, Jhamb A. Renal embolization and urothelial sclerotherapy for recurrent obstructive urosepsis and intractable haematuria from upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(3):467\u201371.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"542_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268809","volume":"17","author":"D Lilje","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lilje D, Wiesmann M, Hasan D, Riabikin A, Ridwan H, Holzle F, et al. Interventional therapy of extracranial arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck-a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(7):e0268809.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61836-3","volume":"12","author":"MG Wysoki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wysoki MG, White RI Jr. Crystallization when mixing contrast materials with ethanol for embolization of venous malformations. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12(2):264.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR28","first-page":"350","volume":"4","author":"W Muetzel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Muetzel W, Speck U. Pharmacochemical profile of iopromide. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1983;4(3):350\u20132.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"542_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2023.07.006","volume":"11","author":"Y Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen Y, Wang D, Wen M, Di R, Fan X, Su L, et al. Coil-assisted ethanol embolotherapy for refractory head and neck arteriovenous malformations with Onyx recrudescence: 10-year experiences. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2023;11(6):1219\u201330.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2352040449","volume":"235","author":"YS Do","year":"2005","unstructured":"Do YS, Yakes WF, Shin SW, Lee BB, Kim DI, Liu WC, et al. Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations: interim results. Radiology. 2005;235(2):674\u201382.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"542_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.10.019","volume":"11","author":"L Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su L, Yang X, Wang Z, Wen M, Fan X, Wang D. Eradication of the nidus in arteriovenous malformations with a dominant outflow vein in the lower extremities using coils and absolute ethanol. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2023;11(4):809\u201315.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"33","key":"542_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1901071","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901071","volume":"31","author":"J Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu J, Albadawi H, Chong BW, Deipolyi AR, Sheth RA, Khademhosseini A, et al. Advances in biomaterials and technologies for vascular embolization. Adv Mater. 2019;31(33):e1901071.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"4","key":"542_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvir.2019.100630","volume":"22","author":"GM Legiehn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Legiehn GM. Sclerotherapy with adjunctive stasis of efflux (STASE) in venous malformations: techniques and strategies. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2019;22(4):100630.","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2174\/157016109787455617","volume":"7","author":"R Loffroy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Loffroy R, Guiu B, Cercueil JP, Krause D. Endovascular therapeutic embolisation: an overview of occluding agents and their effects on embolised tissues. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009;7(2):250\u201363.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"542_CR35","first-page":"977","volume":"37","author":"CJ van der Vleuten","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Vleuten CJ, Kater A, Wijnen MH, Schultze Kool LJ, Rovers MM. Effectiveness of sclerotherapy, surgery, and laser therapy in patients with venous malformations: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;37(4):977\u201389.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"542_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-022-02750-y","volume":"408","author":"G Lazzarotto-da-Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lazzarotto-da-Silva G, Grezzana-Filho TJM, Scaffaro LA, Farenzena M, Silva RK, De Araujo A, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection is an acceptable bridging therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2023;408(1):26.","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"542_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-021-02768-7","volume":"45","author":"SCH Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu SCH, Hui JWY, Chong CCN, Cho CCM, Cheung S, Wong J, et al. Comparison of survival outcomes in transarterial ethanol ablation and liver resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma \u2264 5 cm in patients stratified by liver function. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2022;45(3):315\u201327.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"542_CR38","first-page":"641","volume-title":"Interface Science and Technology","author":"P Kruglyakov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kruglyakov P, Nushtayeva A. Emulsions stabilised by solid particles: the role of capillary pressure in the emulsion films. In: Petsev DN, editor. Interface Science and Technology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. p. 641\u201376."},{"issue":"9","key":"542_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2014.01.014","volume":"25","author":"N Kawai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kawai N, Sato M, Minamiguchi H, Ikoma A, Sanda H, Nakai M, et al. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of a fingertip high-flow arteriovenous malformation with ethanol plus lipiodol. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(9):1477\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"542_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2213-4","volume":"21","author":"A Dompmartin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dompmartin A, Blaizot X, Th\u00e9ron J, Hammer F, Chene Y, Labbe D, et al. Radio-opaque ethylcellulose-ethanol is a safe and efficient sclerosing agent for venous malformations. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(12):2647\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"332","key":"542_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332ra42","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1164","volume":"8","author":"P Castel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castel P, Carmona FJ, Grego-Bessa J, Berger MF, Viale A, Anderson KV, et al. Somatic PIK3CA mutations as a driver of sporadic venous malformations. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(332):332ra42.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"542_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316500","volume":"127","author":"JE Fish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fish JE, Flores Suarez CP, Boudreau E, Herman AM, Gutierrez MC, Gustafson D, et al. Somatic gain of KRAS function in the endothelium is sufficient to cause vascular malformations that require MEK but not PI3K signaling. Circ Res. 2020;127(6):727\u201343.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"542_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315974","volume":"126","author":"S Tual-Chalot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tual-Chalot S, Garcia-Collado M, Redgrave RE, Singh E, Davison B, Park C, et al. Loss of endothelial endoglin promotes high-output heart failure through peripheral arteriovenous shunting driven by VEGF signaling. Circ Res. 2020;126(2):243\u201357.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"542_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316267","volume":"127","author":"Y Hwan Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hwan Kim Y, Vu PN, Choe SW, Jeon CJ, Arthur HM, Vary CPH, et al. Overexpression of activin receptor-like kinase 1 in endothelial cells suppresses development of arteriovenous malformations in mouse models of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Circ Res. 2020;127(9):1122\u201337.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"542_CR45","first-page":"2105","volume":"6","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Ji X, Chen K, Ullah MW, Li B, Cao J, et al. Immobilized thrombin on X-ray radiopaque polyvinyl alcohol\/chitosan embolic microspheres for precise localization and topical blood coagulation. Bioact Mater. 2021;6(7):2105\u201319.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"542_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.06.080","volume":"113","author":"X Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou X, Kong M, Cheng XJ, Feng C, Li J, Li JJ, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan microspheres with different deacetylation degree as potential embolic agent. Carbohydr Polym. 2014;113:304\u201313.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"}],"container-title":["Military Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40779-024-00542-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40779-024-00542-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40779-024-00542-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:52:58Z","timestamp":1772830378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40779-024-00542-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-024-00542-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-9369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-9369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital (SH9H-2023-T132-2, date: 5\/19\/2023). The animal experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Management and Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee of Shanghai Mincal Medical Research Co., Ltd. [(2022) 07\u201325].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"39"}}