{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:47:24Z","timestamp":1792788444820,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":324,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82102968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82102968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024NSFSC1548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC1548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Post-Doctor Research Project of West China Hospital Sichuan University","award":["2023HXBH069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023HXBH069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Military Med Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The worldwide dissemination of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) presents significant obstacles to conventional anti-TB treatment and prevention methods based on bactericidal antimicrobial drugs, greatly impeding advancements in combating this most lethal disease. With growing insights into the immunopathogenesis of TB, we are increasingly recognizing the potential of immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the host. After invading the host,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) induces host cell exhaustion through its own molecules, such as early secretory antigen target-6 (ESAT-6) and di-O-acyl-trehalose, manifested as suppressed proliferative capacity, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity, thereby triggering the onset of TB. In response to this pathogenic mechanism, immunotherapeutic strategies, including cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have been developed to promote cytokine production, activate immune cells to exhibit anti-TB activities such as autophagy, and restore immune homeostasis, including the balance between T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses. These approaches have shown promise in restoring host immunity and demonstrating therapeutic effects against TB. However, a comprehensive evaluation of factors such as drug safety, optimal treatment duration, and others, is essential before these strategies can be integrated into routine clinical TB management. The advancement of immunotherapy has the potential to revolutionize current TB management and provide further benefits to patients. This review aims to comprehensively explore the advancements in diverse TB immunotherapeutic strategies, including efficacy, safety, and administration methods, and to explore the challenges and prospects of TB immunotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00655-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T04:10:15Z","timestamp":1760933415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: current strategies and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meng-Yuan","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Li","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Ran","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-An-Qi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Xia","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin-Wu","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111383","volume":"127","author":"X Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao X, Feng J, Wei L, Dong P, Chen J, Zhang L, et al. Defensins: a novel weapon against Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;127:111383.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00141-20","volume":"34","author":"SN Goossens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goossens SN, Sampson SL, Van Rie A. Mechanisms of drug-induced tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;34(1):e00141-20.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107881","volume":"26","author":"L Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhuang L, Ye Z, Li L, Guan J, Gong W. Immunotherapy and biomarkers in patients with lung cancer with tuberculosis: recent advances and future directions. iScience. 2023;26(10):107881.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00763-4","volume":"20","author":"P Chandra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandra P, Grigsby SJ, Philips JA. Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(12):750\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.419","volume":"5","author":"L Zhuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhuang L, Yang L, Li L, Ye Z, Gong W. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune response, biomarkers, and therapeutic intervention. MedComm. 2024;5(1):e419.","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948283","volume":"50","author":"D Kamboj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamboj D, Gupta P, Basil MV, Mohan A, Guleria R, Bhatnagar A, et al. Improved Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance after the restoration of IFN-\u03b3+ TNF-\u03b1+ CD4+ T cells: impact of PD-1 inhibition in active tuberculosis patients. Eur J Immunol. 2020;50(5):736\u201347.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR7","first-page":"52","volume":"9","author":"PH Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li PH, Kong XY, He YZ, Liu Y, Peng X, Li ZH, et al. Recent developments in application of single-cell RNA sequencing in the tumour immune microenvironment and cancer therapy. Mil Med Res. 2022;9(1):52.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i6.568","volume":"13","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma A, Chakraborty A, Jaganathan BG. Review of the potential of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of infectious diseases. World J Stem Cells. 2021;13(6):568\u201393.","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12050477","volume":"12","author":"X Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao X, Fu YX, Peng H. Promising cytokine adjuvants for enhancing tuberculosis vaccine immunity. Vaccines (Basel). 2024;12(5):477.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.763591","volume":"11","author":"J Mi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mi J, Liang Y, Liang J, Gong W, Wang S, Zhang J, et al. The research progress in immunotherapy of tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:763591.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062963","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1062963","volume":"13","author":"H Bo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bo H, Moure UAE, Yang Y, Pan J, Li L, Wang M, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-macrophage interaction: molecular updates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1062963.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.891878","volume":"12","author":"H Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim H, Shin SJ. Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:891878.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542466","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2542466","volume":"16","author":"Y Qin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qin Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Shi J. Cytotoxic granules and effector molecules from immune cells in tuberculosis: mechanisms of host defense and therapeutic potential. Virulence. 2025;16(1):2542466.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260859","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1260859","volume":"14","author":"P Sankar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sankar P, Mishra BB. Early innate cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in protection and pathology of tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1260859.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"102","key":"655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ado5951","volume":"9","author":"TJ Scriba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scriba TJ, Maseeme M, Young C, Taylor L, Leslie AJ. Immunopathology in human tuberculosis. Sci Immunol. 2024;9(102):eado5951.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142014","volume":"131","author":"P Ogongo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogongo P, Tezera LB, Ardain A, Nhamoyebonde S, Ramsuran D, Singh A, et al. Tissue-resident-like CD4+ T cells secreting IL-17 control Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human lung. J Clin Investig. 2021;131(10):e142014.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830482","volume":"13","author":"SM Carpenter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carpenter SM, Lu LL. Leveraging antibody, B cell and Fc receptor interactions to understand heterogeneous immune responses in tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:830482.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI161944","author":"M Bedard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bedard M, van der Niet S, Bernard EM, Babunovic G, Cheng TY, Aylan B, et al. A terpene nucleoside from M. tuberculosis induces lysosomal lipid storage in foamy macrophages. J Clin Investig. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI161944.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00217-24","volume":"92","author":"C Xander","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xander C, Rajagopalan S, Jacobs WR Jr, Braunstein M. The SapM phosphatase can arrest phagosome maturation in an ESX-1 independent manner in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and BCG. Infect Immun. 2024;92(7):e0021724.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060839","author":"LA Ramon-Luing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramon-Luing LA, Palacios Y, Ruiz A, T\u00e9llez-Navarrete NA, Chavez-Galan L. Virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as modulators of cell death mechanisms. Pathogens. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12060839.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636644","volume":"12","author":"M Shariq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shariq M, Quadir N, Sharma N, Singh J, Sheikh JA, Khubaib M, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis RipA dampens TLR4-mediated host protective response using a multi-pronged approach involving autophagy, apoptosis, metabolic repurposing, and immune modulation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:636644.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19940-6","volume":"24","author":"SM Leyto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leyto SM, Digesa LE, Lakew S, Wondmagegn H, Mare KU, Hadaro TS, et al. Tuberculosis patients\u2019 satisfaction with directly observed treatment short course strategy and associated factors in Southern Ethiopia: a mixed method study. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):2452.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0144OC","volume":"207","author":"HR Stagg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stagg HR, Thompson JA, Lipman MCI, Sloan DJ, Flook M, Fielding KL. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong: non-adherence and regimen shortening in drug-sensitive tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;207(2):193\u2013205.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10481","key":"655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02479-6","volume":"405","author":"A Trajman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trajman A, Campbell JR, Kunor T, Ruslami R, Amanullah F, Behr MA, et al. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2025;405(10481):850\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01025-1","volume":"22","author":"M Farhat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farhat M, Cox H, Ghanem M, Denkinger CM, Rodrigues C, Abd El Aziz MS, et al. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a persistent global health concern. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22(10):617\u201335.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2406715122","volume":"122","author":"Z Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu Z, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Qiang L, Ge P, Lei Z, et al. A bacterial effector manipulates host lysosomal protease activity-dependent plasticity in cell death modalities to facilitate infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2025;122(8):e2406715122.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37148-x","volume":"14","author":"L Qiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiang L, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Lu Z, Tan S, Ge P, et al. A mycobacterial effector promotes ferroptosis-dependent pathogenicity and dissemination. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):1430.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122460","volume":"9","author":"A Lombardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lombardi A, Villa S, Castelli V, Bandera A, Gori A. T-cell exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria infection: pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives. Microorganisms. 2021;9(12):2460.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-090222-110914","volume":"42","author":"A Baessler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baessler A, Vignali DAA. T cell exhaustion. Annu Rev Immunol. 2024;42(1):179\u2013206.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqad006","volume":"4","author":"E Jenkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jenkins E, Whitehead T, Fellermeyer M, Davis SJ, Sharma S. The current state and future of T-cell exhaustion research. Oxf Open Immunol. 2023;4(1):iqad006.","journal-title":"Oxf Open Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.05.012","volume":"21","author":"AO Moguche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moguche AO, Musvosvi M, Penn-Nicholson A, Plumlee CR, Mearns H, Geldenhuys H, et al. Antigen availability shapes T cell differentiation and function during tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;21(6):695\u2013706.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106205","volume":"89","author":"R Audran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Audran R, Karoui O, Donnet L, Soumas V, Fares F, Lovis A, et al. Randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 1 trial of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine ChAdOx1-85A delivered by aerosol versus intramuscular route. J Infect. 2024;89(2):106205.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00226-21","volume":"12","author":"HS Clemmensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clemmensen HS, Dube JY, McIntosh F, Rosenkrands I, Jungersen G, Aagaard C, et al. In vivo antigen expression regulates CD4 T cell differentiation and vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MBio. 2021;12(2):2021.02.02.429488.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.03.010","volume":"215","author":"JP Palma-Nicol\u00e1s","year":"2010","unstructured":"Palma-Nicol\u00e1s JP, Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando R, Segura E, Ibarra-S\u00e1nchez MJ, Estrada-Garc\u00eda I, Zentella-Dehesa A, et al. Mycobacterial di-O-acyl trehalose inhibits Th-1 cytokine gene expression in murine cells by down-modulation of MAPK signaling. Immunobiology. 2010;215(2):143\u201352.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4MA0920-627R","volume":"110","author":"O Ramos-Espinosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos-Espinosa O, Mata-Espinosa D, Francisco-Cruz A, L\u00f3pez-Torres MO, Hern\u00e1ndez-Baz\u00e1n S, Barrios-Pay\u00e1n J, et al. Immunotherapeutic effect of adenovirus encoding antimicrobial peptides in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol. 2021;110(5):951\u201363.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000237638","volume":"114","author":"N Venkataprasad","year":"1997","unstructured":"Venkataprasad N, Ledger P, Ivanyi J. The effect of glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide injection to mice on the course of tuberculous infection and in vitro superoxide anion production. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997;114(1):23\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04313.x","volume":"164","author":"CE Rivas-Santiago","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rivas-Santiago CE, Rivas-Santiago B, Le\u00f3n DA, Casta\u00f1eda-Delgado J, Hern\u00e1ndez Pando R. Induction of \u03b2-defensins by l-isoleucine as novel immunotherapy in experimental murine tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2011;164(1):80\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.14.119","volume":"7","author":"B Rivas-Santiago","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rivas-Santiago B, Rivas-Santiago C, Sada E, Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando R. Prophylactic potential of defensins and L-isoleucine in tuberculosis household contacts: an experimental model. Immunotherapy. 2015;7(3):207\u201313.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059119","volume":"8","author":"B Rivas-Santiago","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rivas-Santiago B, Casta\u00f1eda-Delgado JE, Rivas Santiago CE, Waldbrook M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Curiel I, Le\u00f3n-Contreras JC, et al. Ability of innate defence regulator peptides IDR-1002, IDR-HH2 and IDR-1018 to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in animal models. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59119.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501012","volume":"195","author":"K Walter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walter K, Steinwede K, Aly S, Reinheckel T, Bohling J, Maus UA, et al. Cathepsin G in experimental tuberculosis: relevance for antibacterial protection and potential for immunotherapy. J Immunol. 2015;195(7):3325\u201333.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.09.010","volume":"18","author":"SA Mir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mir SA, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of N-formylated peptides of ESAT-6 and glutamine synthetase in experimental tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;18(2):298\u2013303.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2019.1593446","volume":"41","author":"SA Mir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mir SA, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of an N-formylated peptide of Listeria monocytogenes in experimental tuberculosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2019;41(2):292\u20138.","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866526666191028151615","volume":"27","author":"SA Mir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mir SA, Sharma S. Adjunctive immunotherapeutic efficacy of N-formylated internal peptide of mycobacterial glutamine synthetase in mouse model of tuberculosis. Protein Pept Lett. 2020;27(3):236\u201342.","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"655_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.12.007","volume":"158","author":"SA Mir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mir SA, Verma I, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of recombinant ESAT-6 protein in mouse model of experimental tuberculosis. Immunol Lett. 2014;158(1\u20132):88\u201394.","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702003000400004","volume":"7","author":"DB Pedral-Sampaio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pedral-Sampaio DB, Netto EM, Brites C, Bandeira AC, Guerra C, Barberin MG, et al. Use of Rhu-GM-CSF in pulmonary tuberculosis patients: results of a randomized clinical trial. Braz J Infect Dis. 2003;7(4):245\u201352.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2008.09.001","volume":"89","author":"S Buccheri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buccheri S, Reljic R, Caccamo N, Meraviglia S, Ivanyi J, Salerno A, et al. Prevention of the post-chemotherapy relapse of tuberculous infection by combined immunotherapy. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2009;89(1):91\u20134.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"655_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.582833","volume":"11","author":"AC Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran AC, Diogo GR, Paul MJ, Copland A, Hart P, Mehta N, et al. Mucosal therapy of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis with IgA and interferon-\u03b3. Front Immunol. 2020;11:582833.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR48","first-page":"16","volume":"3","author":"LA Ivanova","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ivanova LA. Immunotherapy in the combined treatment of chronic destructive pulmonary tuberculosis. Probl Tuberk. 1994;3:16\u20139.","journal-title":"Probl Tuberk"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-012-4368-x","volume":"55","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Xian Q, Shao L, Yang Z, et al. Immunotherapy using IL-2 and GM-CSF is a potential treatment for multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci China Life Sci. 2012;55(9):800\u20136.","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR50","first-page":"185","volume":"1","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson BJ, Ress SR, Willcox P, Pati BP, Lorgat F, Stead P, et al. Clinical and immune responses of tuberculosis patients treated with low-dose IL-2 and multidrug therapy. Cytokines Mol Ther. 1995;1(3):185\u201396.","journal-title":"Cytokines Mol Ther"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"655_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(97)90026-5","volume":"78","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Johnson BJ, Bekker LG, Rickman R, Brown S, Lesser M, Ress S, et al. RhuIL-2 adjunctive therapy in multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a comparison of two treatment regimens and placebo. Tuber Lung Dis. 1997;78(3\u20134):195\u2013203.","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2426-2433.1998","volume":"66","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Johnson BJ, Estrada I, Shen Z, Ress S, Willcox P, Colston MJ, et al. Differential gene expression in response to adjunctive recombinant human interleukin-2 immunotherapy in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Infect Immun. 1998;66(6):2426\u201333.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.52362","volume":"11","author":"H Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen H, Min R, Tan Q, Xie W, Wang H, Pan H, et al. The beneficial effects of adjunctive recombinant human interleukin-2 for multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11(3):584\u201390.","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"655_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02350","volume":"10","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu X, Li F, Niu H, Ma L, Chen J, Zhang Y, et al. IL-2 restores T-cell dysfunction induced by persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen stimulation. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2350.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846526.ch7","volume":"217","author":"B Johnson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Johnson B, Bekker LG, Ress S, Kaplan G. Recombinant interleukin 2 adjunctive therapy in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Novartis Found Symp. 1998;217:99\u2013106.","journal-title":"Novartis Found Symp"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200211-1359OC","volume":"168","author":"JL Johnson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johnson JL, Ssekasanvu E, Okwera A, Mayanja H, Hirsch CS, Nakibali JG, et al. Randomized trial of adjunctive interleukin-2 in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(2):185\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.001","volume":"57","author":"AN Shouse","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shouse AN, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Interleukin-2 signaling in the regulation of T cell biology in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity. 2024;57(3):414\u201328.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00363-z","volume":"21","author":"D Briukhovetska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Briukhovetska D, D\u00f6rr J, Endres S, Libby P, Dinarello CA, Kobold S. Interleukins in cancer: from biology to therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(8):481\u201399.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"655_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5071816","volume":"2022","author":"L Sheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheng L, Li X, Weng F, Wu S, Chen Y, Lou L. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive recombinant human interleukin-2 for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. J Trop Med. 2022;2022:5071816.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.10.009","volume":"44","author":"LG Nikolaeva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nikolaeva LG, Maystat TV, Pylypchuk VS, Volyanskii YL, Frolov VM, Kutsyna GA. Cytokine profiles of HIV patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resulting from adjunct immunotherapy with herbal phytoconcentrates Dzherelo and Anemin. Cytokine. 2008;44(3):392\u20136.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"655_CR61","first-page":"87","volume":"2","author":"LG Nikolaeva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nikolaeva LG, Maystat TV, Masyuk LA, Pylypchuk VS, Volyanskii YL, Kutsyna GA. Changes in CD4+ T-cells and HIV RNA resulting from combination of anti-TB therapy with Dzherelo in TB\/HIV dually infected patients. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2009;2:87\u201393.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"655_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923492","volume":"13","author":"M Qiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiao M, Li S, Yuan J, Ren W, Shang Y, Wang W, et al. Delamanid suppresses CXCL10 expression via regulation of JAK\/STAT1 signaling and correlates with reduced inflammation in tuberculosis patients. Front Immunol. 2022;13:923492.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0079","volume":"9","author":"U Batbold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Batbold U, Butov DO, Kutsyna GA, Damdinpurev N, Grinishina EA, Mijiddorj O, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, 1:1 randomized phase III clinical trial of immunoxel honey lozenges as an adjunct immunotherapy in 269 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunotherapy. 2017;9(1):13\u201324.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"655_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.203162","volume":"6","author":"CA Shamkuwar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shamkuwar CA, Meshram SH, Mahakalkar SM. Levamisole as an adjuvant to short-course therapy in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Adv Biomed Res. 2017;6:37.","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.06.012","volume":"5","author":"D Butov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Butov D, Zaitseva S, Butova T, Stepanenko G, Pogorelova O, Zhelezniakova N. Efficacy and safety of quercetin and polyvinylpyrrolidone in treatment of patients with newly diagnosed destructive pulmonary tuberculosis in comparison with standard antimycobacterial therapy. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2016;5(4):446\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12767","volume":"284","author":"A Bekele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bekele A, Gebreselassie N, Ashenafi S, Kassa E, Aseffa G, Amogne W, et al. Daily adjunctive therapy with vitamin D3 and phenylbutyrate supports clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia. J Intern Med. 2018;284(3):292\u2013306.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.09.90","volume":"2","author":"D Dlugovitzky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dlugovitzky D, Notario R, Martinel-Lamas D, Fiorenza G, Farroni M, Bogue C, et al. Immunotherapy with oral, heat-killed, Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with moderate to advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunotherapy. 2010;2(2):159\u201369.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(97)90132-3","volume":"91","author":"E Corlan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Corlan E, Marica C, Macavei C, Stanford JL, Stanford CA. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in the treatment of tuberculosis in Romania. 1. Newly-diagnosed pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 1997;91(1):13\u20139.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.09.026","volume":"100","author":"D Dlugovitzky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dlugovitzky D, Fiorenza G, Farroni M, Bogue C, Stanford C, Stanford J. Immunological consequences of three doses of heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae in the immunotherapy of tuberculosis. Respir Med. 2006;100(6):1079\u201387.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"9339","key":"655_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11141-X","volume":"360","author":"A Mwinga","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mwinga A, Nunn A, Ngwira B, Chintu C, Warndorff D, Fine P, et al. Mycobacterium vaccae (SRL172) immunotherapy as an adjunct to standard antituberculosis treatment in HIV-infected adults with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9339):1050\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR71","first-page":"43","volume":"24","author":"Y Luo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Luo Y. National Cooperation Group on Clinical Study of Mycobacterium vaccae Vaccine. The immunotherapeutic effect of Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine on initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2001;24(1):43\u20137.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR72","first-page":"108","volume":"22","author":"W Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang W, Jin G, Ye Y, Xia X, Wang A, Zhuang Y, et al. A clinical study on vaccine of Mycobacterium vaccae in treating pulmonary tuberculosis. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 1999;22(2):108\u201310.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1065","volume":"95","author":"JL Stanford","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stanford JL, Stanford CA, Grange JM, Lan NN, Etemadi A. Does immunotherapy with heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae offer hope for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis? Respir Med. 2001;95(6):444\u20137.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1086\/315393","volume":"181","author":"JL Johnson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johnson JL, Kamya RM, Okwera A, Loughlin AM, Nyole S, Hom DL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected Ugandan adults with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. The Uganda-Case Western Reserve University research collaboration. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(4):1304\u201312.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(90)90038-A","volume":"71","author":"GM Bahr","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bahr GM, Shaaban MA, Gabriel M, al-Shimali B, Siddiqui Z, Chugh TD, et al. Improved immunotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis with Mycobacterium vaccae. Tubercle. 1990;71(4):259\u201366.","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(97)90133-5","volume":"91","author":"E Corlan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Corlan E, Marica C, Macavei C, Stanford JL, Stanford CA. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae in the treatment of tuberculosis in Romania. 2. Chronic or relapsed disease. Respir Med. 1997;91(1):21\u20139.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00571.x","volume":"5","author":"T Corrah","year":"2000","unstructured":"Corrah T, Byass P, Jaffar S, Thomas V, Bouchier V, Stanford JL, et al. Prior BCG vaccination improves survival of Gambian patients treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5(6):413\u20137.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407380","volume":"371","author":"BM Mayosi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayosi BM, Ntsekhe M, Bosch J, Pandie S, Jung H, Gumedze F, et al. Prednisolone and Mycobacterium indicus pranii in tuberculous pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1121\u201330.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03514-1","volume":"7","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma SK, Katoch K, Sarin R, Balambal R, Kumar Jain N, Patel N, et al. Efficacy and safety of Mycobacterium indicus pranii as an adjunct therapy in category II pulmonary tuberculosis in a randomized trial. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3354.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"655_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2019.100141","volume":"18","author":"AS Bourinbaiar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bourinbaiar AS, Batbold U, Efremenko Y, Sanjagdorj M, Butov D, Damdinpurev N, et al. Phase III, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of tableted, therapeutic TB vaccine (V7) containing heat-killed M. vaccae administered daily for one month. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2020;18:100141.","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.13.110","volume":"5","author":"DA Butov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Butov DA, Efremenko YV, Prihoda ND, Zaitzeva SI, Yurchenko LV, Sokolenko NI, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial of heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae (immodulon batch) formulated as an oral pill (V7). Immunotherapy. 2013;5(10):1047\u201354.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"655_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-8518-9-3","volume":"9","author":"DA Butov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Butov DA, Pashkov YN, Stepanenko AL, Choporova AI, Butova TS, Batdelger D, et al. Phase IIb randomized trial of adjunct immunotherapy in patients with first-diagnosed tuberculosis, relapsed and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) TB. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2011;9:3.","journal-title":"J Immune Based Ther Vaccines"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR83","first-page":"86","volume":"42","author":"JP Lei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lei JP, Xiong GL, Hu QF, Li Y, Zong PL, Tu SH, et al. Immunotherapeutic efficacy of BCG vaccine in pulmonary tuberculosis and its preventive effect on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2008;42(2):86\u20139.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089612","volume":"9","author":"AS Nell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nell AS, D\u2019Lom E, Bouic P, Sabat\u00e9 M, Bosser R, Picas J, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the novel antituberculous vaccine RUTI: randomized, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial in patients with latent tuberculosis infection. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e89612.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"17","key":"655_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803484","volume":"379","author":"O Van Der Meeren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Der Meeren O, Hatherill M, Nduba V, Wilkinson RJ, Muyoyeta M, Van Brakel E, et al. Phase 2b controlled trial of M72\/AS01E vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(17):1621\u201334.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27029-6","volume":"12","author":"S Jenum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jenum S, Tonby K, Rueegg CS, R\u00fchwald M, Kristiansen MP, Bang P, et al. A phase I\/II randomized trial of H56:IC31 vaccination and adjunctive cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor treatment in tuberculosis patients. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):6774.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"655_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756495","volume":"12","author":"J Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang J, Fu L, Li M, Chen Y, Wang Y, Lin Y, et al. Allogeneic V\u03b39V\u03b42 T-cell therapy promotes pulmonary lesion repair: an open-label, single-arm pilot study in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:756495.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR88","first-page":"3","volume":"10","author":"VV Erokhin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Erokhin VV, Vasil\u2019eva IA, Konopliannikov AG, Chukanov VI, Tsyb AF, Bagdasarian TR, et al. Systemic transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow in the treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk. 2008;10:3\u20136.","journal-title":"Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70234-0","volume":"2","author":"A Skrahin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skrahin A, Ahmed RK, Ferrara G, Rane L, Poiret T, Isaikina Y, et al. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell infusion as adjunct treatment in patients with multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: an open-label phase 1 safety trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(2):108\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"655_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2943113","volume":"2022","author":"P Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang P, Chen X, Xu J, Hu Y, Ye Z, Wang X, et al. Autologous cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy enhances chemotherapy efficacy against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Immunol Res. 2022;2022:2943113.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"655_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133365","author":"S Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith S, Lopez S, Kim A, Kasteri J, Olumuyide E, Punu K, et al. Interleukin 24: signal transduction pathways. Cancers (Basel). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15133365.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"655_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020627","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhong Y, Zhang X, Chong W. Interleukin-24 immunobiology and its roles in inflammatory diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23020627.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.08.019","volume":"280","author":"SH Jin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jin SH, Choi D, Chun YJ, Noh M. Keratinocyte-derived IL-24 plays a role in the positive feedback regulation of epidermal inflammation in response to environmental and endogenous toxic stressors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014;280(2):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.70013","volume":"17","author":"R Raguraman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raguraman R, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Interleukin-24: a multidimensional therapeutic for treatment of human diseases. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2025;17(3):e70013.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"655_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.06.012","volume":"13","author":"Y Ma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ma Y, Chen HD, Wang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhao Y, et al. Interleukin 24 as a novel potential cytokine immunotherapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbes Infect. 2011;13(12\u201313):1099\u2013110.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"655_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1608101","volume":"16","author":"A Aravind","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aravind A, Shaji V, Ahmed M, Dagamajalu S, Vijayakumar M, Prasad TSK, et al. An assembled molecular signaling map of interleukin-24: a resource to decipher its multifunctional immunoregulatory role in pathophysiological conditions. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1608101.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v13.i1.1","volume":"13","author":"R Muromoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muromoto R, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Current understanding of the role of tyrosine kinase 2 signaling in immune responses. World J Biol Chem. 2022;13(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"World J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2024.07.010","volume":"32","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H, Ge X, Li C, Zeng J, Wang X. Structure and assembly of the human IL-12 signaling complex. Structure. 2024;32(10):1640\u201351.","journal-title":"Structure"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","volume":"6","author":"X Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu X, Li J, Fu M, Zhao X, Wang W. The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):402.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.018","volume":"184","author":"CR Glassman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glassman CR, Mathiharan YK, Jude KM, Su L, Panova O, Lupardus PJ, et al. Structural basis for IL-12 and IL-23 receptor sharing reveals a gateway for shaping actions on T versus NK cells. Cell. 2021;184(4):983\u201399.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2976-2988.2004","volume":"72","author":"D Nolt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nolt D, Flynn JL. Interleukin-12 therapy reduces the number of immune cells and pathology in lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 2004;72(5):2976\u201388.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01958-2","volume":"9","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Pan R, Ouyang Y, Gu W, Xiao T, Yang H, et al. Pyroptosis in health and disease: mechanisms, regulation and clinical perspective. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):245.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"655_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1342641","volume":"15","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Yang C, Quan C, Li J, Hu Y, Liu P, et al. The regulation and potential role of interleukin-32 in tuberculous pleural effusion. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1342641.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107944","volume":"208","author":"L Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu L, Cao W, Li B, Yang R, Wang Y, Wu H, et al. IL-32 positively regulates the AEBP1-I\u03baB\u03b1-NF-\u03baB-TNF-\u03b1 axis to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in human macrophages. Microb Pathog. 2025;208:107944.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2962-2970.2000","volume":"68","author":"MJ Maeurer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maeurer MJ, Trinder P, Hommel G, Walter W, Freitag K, Atkins D, et al. Interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 enhances survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. Infect Immun. 2000;68(5):2962\u201370.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1766401","volume":"11","author":"J Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park J, Kim H, Kwon KW, Choi HH, Kang SM, Hong JJ, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling-mediated responses are critically engaged in optimal host protection against highly virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis K infection. Virulence. 2020;11(1):430\u201345.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040433","volume":"40","author":"PS Redford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Redford PS, Boonstra A, Read S, Pitt J, Graham C, Stavropoulos E, et al. Enhanced protection to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in IL-10-deficient mice is accompanied by early and enhanced Th1 responses in the lung. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40(8):2200\u201310.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636764","volume":"37","author":"S Buccheri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buccheri S, Reljic R, Caccamo N, Ivanyi J, Singh M, Salerno A, et al. IL-4 depletion enhances host resistance and passive IgA protection against tuberculosis infection in BALB\/c mice. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(3):729\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0908574","volume":"86","author":"NR Patel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patel NR, Swan K, Li X, Tachado SD, Koziel H. Impaired M. tuberculosis-mediated apoptosis in alveolar macrophages from HIV+ persons: potential role of IL-10 and BCL-3. J Leukoc Biol. 2009;86(1):53\u201360.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00135-15","volume":"83","author":"ET Richardson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richardson ET, Shukla S, Sweet DR, Wearsch PA, Tsichlis PN, Boom WH, et al. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages drives anti-inflammatory responses and inhibits Th1 polarization of responding T cells. Infect Immun. 2015;83(6):2242\u201354.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0319OC","volume":"45","author":"S O\u2019Leary","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary S, O\u2019Sullivan MP, Keane J. IL-10 blocks phagosome maturation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011;45(1):172\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"655_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666293","volume":"12","author":"HS Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park HS, Back YW, Jang IT, Lee KI, Son YJ, Choi HG, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2145c promotes intracellular survival by STAT3 and IL-10 receptor signaling. Front Immunol. 2021;12:666293.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110238","volume":"27","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Y, Li R, Chen S, Wang Q, Han Z, Liang Y, et al. Monocarboxylate transporter 4 facilitates Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival through NF-\u03baB p65-mediated interleukin-10 production. iScience. 2024;27(8):110238.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03387-9","volume":"5","author":"A Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan A, Zhang K, Singh VK, Mishra A, Kachroo P, Bing T, et al. Human M1 macrophages express unique innate immune response genes after mycobacterial infection to defend against tuberculosis. Commun Biol. 2022;5(1):480.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21241-0","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Cong Y, Jia M, He Q, Zhong H, Zhao Y, et al. Targeting IL-21 to tumor-reactive T cells enhances memory T cell responses and anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):951.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.06.016","volume":"51","author":"AE Macias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Macias AE, Guan\u00ed-Guerra E. Transfer factor: myths and facts. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(7):613\u201322.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"655_CR117","first-page":"102755","volume":"69","author":"TR Habar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Habar TR, Islam AA, Hatta M, Warsinggih, Mahmudi A, Massi MN, et al. Transfer factor treatment in management of peritonitis condition: an experimental study in rat. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021;69:102755.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)."},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02454.x","volume":"136","author":"RA Fabre","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fabre RA, P\u00e9rez TM, Aguilar LD, Rangel MJ, Estrada-Garc\u00eca I, Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando R, et al. Transfer factors as immunotherapy and supplement of chemotherapy in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;136(2):215\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(77)90090-3","volume":"8","author":"A Rubinstein","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rubinstein A, Melamed J, Rodescu D, Murphy RA, Broocker D. Transfer factor treatment in a patient with progressive tuberculosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1977;8(1):39\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38039-x","volume":"14","author":"SB Ebrahimi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ebrahimi SB, Samanta D. Engineering protein-based therapeutics through structural and chemical design. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2411.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2024.2436094","volume":"25","author":"U Binder","year":"2025","unstructured":"Binder U, Skerra A. Strategies for extending the half-life of biotherapeutics: successes and complications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2025;25(1):93\u2013118.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"655_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493257","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1493257","volume":"15","author":"JK Cini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cini JK, Kenney RT, Dexter S, McAndrew SJ, Eraslan RN, Brody R, et al. Son-1010: an albumin-binding IL-12 fusion protein that improves cytokine half-life, targets tumors, and enhances therapeutic efficacy. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1493257.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190945","volume":"217","author":"JA Hamilton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamilton JA. GM-CSF in inflammation. J Exp Med. 2020;217(1):e20190945.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"655_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069444","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1069444","volume":"13","author":"HM Lazarus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lazarus HM, Pitts K, Wang T, Lee E, Buchbinder E, Dougan M, et al. Recombinant GM-CSF for diseases of GM-CSF insufficiency: correcting dysfunctional mononuclear phagocyte disorders. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1069444.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156902","volume":"189","author":"C David","year":"2025","unstructured":"David C, Verney C, Si-Tahar M, Guillon A. Evaluating the evidence for GM-CSF as a host-directed therapy in respiratory infections. Cytokine. 2025;189:156902.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10065-8","volume":"10","author":"BD Bryson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bryson BD, Rosebrock TR, Tafesse FG, Itoh CY, Nibasumba A, Babunovic GH, et al. Heterogeneous GM-CSF signaling in macrophages is associated with control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):2329.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"655_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.859116","volume":"13","author":"A Mishra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mishra A, Singh VK, Jagannath C, Subbian S, Restrepo BI, Gauduin MC, et al. Human macrophages exhibit GM-CSF dependent restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via regulating their self-survival, differentiation and metabolism. Front Immunol. 2022;13:859116.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0439-2","volume":"18","author":"YM Chuang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chuang YM, He L, Pinn ML, Tsai YC, Cheng MA, Farmer E, et al. Albumin fusion with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor acts as an immunotherapy against chronic tuberculosis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(10):2393\u2013401.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.10.004","volume":"108","author":"NB Carvalho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carvalho NB, de Lourdes BM, Souza AS, Netto EM, Arruda S, Santos SB, et al. Impaired TNF, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-17 production and increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HTLV-1 infected individuals. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2018;108:35\u201340.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030370","volume":"8","author":"YW Back","year":"2020","unstructured":"Back YW, Shin KW, Choi S, Park HS, Lee KI, Choi HG, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2005c induces dendritic cell maturation and Th1 responses and exhibits immunotherapeutic activity by fusion with the Rv2882c protein. Vaccines. 2020;8(3):370.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab235","volume":"224","author":"S Parveen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parveen S, Lun S, Urbanowski ME, Cardin M, Shen J, Murphy JR, et al. Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and related cells using a diphtheria toxin fusion protein. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(11):1962\u201372.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqab015","volume":"2","author":"C Hermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hermann C, King CG. Tb or not to be: what specificities and impact do antibodies have during tuberculosis? Oxf Open Immunol. 2021;2(1):iqab015.","journal-title":"Oxf Open Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01678-x","volume":"9","author":"LRL Davies","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davies LRL, Wang C, Steigler P, Bowman KA, Fischinger S, Hatherill M, et al. Age and sex influence antibody profiles associated with tuberculosis progression. Nat Microbiol. 2024;9(6):1513\u201325.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111128","volume":"27","author":"EB Irvine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irvine EB, Darrah PA, Wang S, Wang C, McNamara RP, Roederer M, et al. Humoral correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis following intravenous BCG vaccination in rhesus macaques. iScience. 2024;27(12):111128.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12069","volume":"69","author":"N Olivares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olivares N, Marquina B, Mata-Espinoza D, Zatarain-Barron ZL, Pinz\u00f3n CE, Estrada I, et al. The protective effect of immunoglobulin in murine tuberculosis is dependent on IgG glycosylation. Pathog Dis. 2013;69(3):176\u201383.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.05.004","volume":"58","author":"PS Grace","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grace PS, Peters JM, Sixsmith J, Lu R, Irvine EB, Luedeman C, et al. Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction. Immunity. 2025;58(6):1586\u201397.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00710-1","volume":"8","author":"S Krishnananthasivam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krishnananthasivam S, Li H, Bouzeyen R, Shunmuganathan B, Purushotorman K, Liao X, et al. An anti-LpqH human monoclonal antibody from an asymptomatic individual mediates protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. NPJ Vaccines. 2023;8(1):127.","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.07.001","volume":"31","author":"DT Corrigan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corrigan DT, Ishida E, Chatterjee D, Lowary TL, Achkar JM. Monoclonal antibodies to lipoarabinomannan\/arabinomannan\u2014characteristics and implications for tuberculosis research and diagnostics. Trends Microbiol. 2023;31(1):22\u201335.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"655_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15688","volume":"95","author":"R Teitelbaum","year":"1998","unstructured":"Teitelbaum R, Glatman-Freedman A, Chen B, Robbins JB, Unanue E, Casadevall A, et al. A mAb recognizing a surface antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances host survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(26):15688\u201393.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6843","key":"655_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/35084083","volume":"412","author":"K Pethe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pethe K, Alonso S, Biet F, Delogu G, Brennan MJ, Locht C, et al. The heparin-binding haemagglutinin of M. tuberculosis is required for extrapulmonary dissemination. Nature. 2001;412(6843):190\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02593.x","volume":"138","author":"B Hamasur","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamasur B, Haile M, Pawlowski A, Schroder U, Kallenius G, Svenson SB. A mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan specific monoclonal antibody and its F(ab\u2032) fragment prolong survival of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;138(1):30\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01809.x","volume":"111","author":"A Williams","year":"2004","unstructured":"Williams A, Reljic R, Naylor I, Clark SO, Falero-Diaz G, Singh M, et al. Passive protection with immunoglobulin A antibodies against tuberculous early infection of the lungs. Immunology. 2004;111(3):328\u201333.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.10.007","volume":"299","author":"Y L\u00f3pez","year":"2009","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Y, Yero D, Falero-Diaz G, Olivares N, Sarmiento ME, Sifontes S, et al. Induction of a protective response with an IgA monoclonal antibody against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16kDa protein in a model of progressive pulmonary infection. Int J Med Microbiol. 2009;299(6):447\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003189","volume":"186","author":"S Balu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balu S, Reljic R, Lewis MJ, Pleass RJ, McIntosh R, van Kooten C, et al. A novel human IgA monoclonal antibody protects against tuberculosis. J Immunol. 2011;186(5):3113\u20139.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03049.x","volume":"144","author":"R Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando R, Orozco-Esteves H, Maldonado HA, Aguilar-Le\u00f3n D, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Mata-Espinosa DA, et al. A combination of a transforming growth factor-beta antagonist and an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase is an effective treatment for murine pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;144(2):264\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2217\/1750743X.1.1.31","volume":"1","author":"PK Giri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giri PK, Verma I, Khuller GK. Adjunct immunotherapy with Ag85 complex proteins based subunit vaccine in a murine model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunotherapy. 2009;1(1):31\u20137.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"655_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.008","volume":"243","author":"VP Dwivedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dwivedi VP, Bhattacharya D, Singh M, Bhaskar A, Kumar S, Fatima S, et al. Allicin enhances antimicrobial activity of macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;243:111634.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0185OC","volume":"56","author":"BC Mourik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mourik BC, Leenen PJ, de Knegt GJ, Huizinga R, van der Eerden BC, Wang J, et al. Immunotherapy added to antibiotic treatment reduces relapse of disease in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2017;56(2):233\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"655_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02737","volume":"10","author":"J Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim J, Koh VHQ, Cho SSL, Periaswamy B, Choi DPS, Vacca M, et al. Harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of bacterial ghosts to boost the anti-mycobacterial protective immunity. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2737.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"21","key":"655_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8555","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.008005","volume":"294","author":"S Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar S, Sharma C, Kaushik SR, Kulshreshtha A, Chaturvedi S, Nanda RK, et al. The phytochemical bergenin as an adjunct immunotherapy for tuberculosis in mice. J Biol Chem. 2019;294(21):8555\u201363.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix208","volume":"215","author":"S Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta S, Cheung L, Pokkali S, Winglee K, Guo H, Murphy JR, et al. Suppressor cell-depleting immunotherapy with denileukin diftitox is an effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(12):1883\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040560","volume":"12","author":"N Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta N, Vedi S, Garg S, Loo E, Li J, Kunimoto DY, et al. Harnessing innate immunity to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: heat-killed Caulobacter crescentus as a novel biotherapeutic. Cells. 2023;12(4):560.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009805","volume":"17","author":"DK Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh DK, Tousif S, Bhaskar A, Devi A, Negi K, Moitra B, et al. Luteolin as a potential host-directed immunotherapy adjunct to isoniazid treatment of tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(8):e1009805.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"655_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6234560","volume":"2021","author":"Y Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang Y, Gong W, Wang X, Zhang J, Ling Y, Song J, et al. Chinese traditional medicine NiuBeiXiaoHe (NBXH) extracts have the function of antituberculosis and immune recovery in BALB\/c mice. J Immunol Res. 2021;2021:6234560.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200902200120","volume":"22","author":"M Sali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sali M, Delogu G, Greco E, Rocca S, Colizzi V, Fadda G, et al. Exploiting immunotherapy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice: sphingosine 1-phosphate treatment results in a protective or detrimental effect depending on the stage of infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009;22(1):175\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"48","key":"655_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33404","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.600452","volume":"289","author":"D Bhattacharya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhattacharya D, Dwivedi VP, Kumar S, Reddy MC, Van Kaer L, Moodley P, et al. Simultaneous inhibition of T helper 2 and T regulatory cell differentiation by small molecules enhances Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis. J Biol Chem. 2014;289(48):33404\u201311.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00583-23","volume":"11","author":"A Kumari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumari A, Pahuja I, Negi K, Ghoshal A, Mukopadhyay S, Agarwal M, et al. Withaferin a protects against primary and recurrent tuberculosis by modulating mycobacterium-specific host immune responses. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(2):e0058323.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2095930","volume":"11","author":"H Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen H, Yang E, Guo M, Yang R, Huang G, Peng Y, et al. Adjunctive zoledronate + IL-2 administrations enhance anti-tuberculosis V\u03b32V\u03b42 T-effector populations, and improve treatment outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 1. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):1790\u2013805.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"655_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106809","volume":"87","author":"A Bhaskar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhaskar A, Kumari A, Singh M, Kumar S, Kumar S, Dabla A, et al. [6]-gingerol exhibits potent anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity against tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;87:106809.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR160","volume":"8","author":"LY Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan LY, Liang Y, Gong WP, Xue Y, Mi J, Wang J, et al. Comparative study on the antituberculous effect and mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicines NiuBeiXiaoHe extract and JieHeWan. Mil Med Res. 2021;8(1):34.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8473-z","volume":"50","author":"JQ Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen JQ, Szodoray P, Zeher M. Toll-like receptor pathways in autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;50(1):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00607","volume":"6","author":"VA McGuire","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGuire VA, Arthur JS. Subverting toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial pathogens. Front Immunol. 2015;6:607.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2022.101143","volume":"88","author":"I Ciaston","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of Toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med. 2022;88:101143.","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"655_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.748303","volume":"12","author":"S Francisco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Francisco S, Billod JM, Merino J, Punz\u00f3n C, Gallego A, Arranz A, et al. Induction of TLR4\/TLR2 interaction and heterodimer formation by low endotoxic atypical LPS. Front Immunol. 2021;12:748303.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1044662","volume":"13","author":"AM Owen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owen AM, Luan L, Burelbach KR, McBride MA, Stothers CL, Boykin OA, et al. MyD88-dependent signaling drives toll-like receptor-induced trained immunity in macrophages. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1044662.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"655_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2018.1509636","volume":"17","author":"W Niu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niu W, Sun B, Li M, Cui J, Huang J, Zhang L. TLR-4\/microRNA-125a\/NF-\u03baB signaling modulates the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cell Cycle. 2018;17(15):1931\u201345.","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.02.025","volume":"352","author":"ZM Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang ZM, Zhang AR, Xu M, Lou J, Qiu WQ. TLR-4\/miRNA-32-5p\/FSTL1 signaling regulates mycobacterial survival and inflammatory responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Exp Cell Res. 2017;352(2):313\u201321.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"655_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00386","volume":"7","author":"N Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan N, Pahari S, Vidyarthi A, Aqdas M, Agrewala JN. Stimulation through CD40 and TLR-4 is an effective host directed therapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2016;7:386.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1658436","volume":"16","author":"S Pahari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pahari S, Negi S, Aqdas M, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS, Agrewala JN. Induction of autophagy through CLEC4E in combination with TLR4: an innovative strategy to restrict the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Autophagy. 2020;16(6):1021\u201343.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000439591","volume":"8","author":"N Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan N, Pahari S, Vidyarthi A, Aqdas M, Agrewala JN. NOD-2 and TLR-4 signaling reinforces the efficacy of dendritic cells and reduces the dose of TB drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Innate Immun. 2016;8(3):228\u201342.","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"655_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025931","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025931","volume":"13","author":"S Weng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weng S, Zhang J, Ma H, Zhou J, Jia L, Wan Y, et al. B21 DNA vaccine expressing ag85b, rv2029c, and rv1738 confers a robust therapeutic effect against latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1025931.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-7-14","volume":"7","author":"WJ F\u00e1varo","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00e1varo WJ, Nunes OS, Seiva FR, Nunes IS, Woolhiser LK, Dur\u00e1n N, et al. Effects of P-MAPA immunomodulator on Toll-like receptors and p53: potential therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases and cancer. Infect Agent Cancer. 2012;7(1):14.","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"655_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8831389","volume":"2020","author":"MT Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves MT, Squaiella-Baptist\u00e3o CC, Pidde G, Lopes PH, da Silva Nunes I, Tambourgi DV. P-MAPA a fungi-derived immunomodulatory compound, induces a proinflammatory response in a human whole blood model. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:8831389.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"655_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/immhor\/vlaf014","author":"SE Larsen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Larsen SE, Rais M, Reese VA, Ferede D, Pecor T, Kaur S, et al. Characterizing TLR4 agonist EmT4\u2122 as an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine adjuvant. Immunohorizons. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/immhor\/vlaf014.","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"655_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.06.003","volume":"42","author":"A Gopalakrishnan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan A, Salgame P. Toll-like receptor 2 in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: to be or not to be-that is the question. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;42:76\u201382.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020246","author":"W Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu W, Spaink HP. The role of TLR2 in infectious diseases caused by mycobacteria: from cell biology to therapeutic target. Biol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11020246.","journal-title":"Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu472","volume":"211","author":"SB Chodisetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chodisetti SB, Gowthaman U, Rai PK, Vidyarthi A, Khan N, Agrewala JN. Triggering through toll-like receptor 2 limits chronically stimulated T-helper type 1 cells from undergoing exhaustion. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(3):486\u201396.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir548","volume":"204","author":"U Gowthaman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gowthaman U, Singh V, Zeng W, Jain S, Siddiqui KF, Chodisetti SB, et al. Promiscuous peptide of 16 kDa antigen linked to Pam2Cys protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by evoking enduring memory T-cell response. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(9):1328\u201338.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2409","volume":"170","author":"M L\u00f3pez","year":"2003","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez M, Sly LM, Luu Y, Young D, Cooper H, Reiner NE. The 19-kD Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein induces macrophage apoptosis through Toll-like receptor-2. J Immunol. 2003;170(5):2409\u201316.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01497.x","volume":"12","author":"DM Shin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shin DM, Yuk JM, Lee HM, Lee SH, Son JW, Harding CV, et al. Mycobacterial lipoprotein activates autophagy via TLR2\/1\/CD14 and a functional vitamin D receptor signalling. Cell Microbiol. 2010;12(11):1648\u201365.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01698-2","volume":"10","author":"M Kitenge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kitenge M, Phiri B, Pheeha SM, Ogunrombi M, Nyasulu PS. Dzherelo (immunoxel) as adjunctive therapy to standard antituberculosis treatment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):157.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202000193","volume":"5","author":"T Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma T, Xia T. Nanoparticle-based activatable probes for bioimaging. Adv Biol. 2021;5(1):e2000193.","journal-title":"Adv Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2025.2494775","volume":"32","author":"D Simberg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simberg D, Barenholz Y, Roffler SR, Landfester K, Kabanov AV, Moghimi SM. Pegylation technology: addressing concerns, moving forward. Drug Deliv. 2025;32(1):2494775.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"26","key":"655_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312169","volume":"36","author":"T Lammers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lammers T. Nanomedicine tumor targeting. Adv Mater. 2024;36(26):e2312169.","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52416-0","volume":"15","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Hu Y, Zhang X, Shi X, Parak WJ, Pich A. Transvascular transport of nanocarriers for tumor delivery. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):8172.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01889-y","volume":"9","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang B, Hu S, Teng Y, Chen J, Wang H, Xu Y, et al. Current advance of nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment for malignant tumors. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):200.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0382OC","volume":"59","author":"MM Coleman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coleman MM, Basdeo SA, Coleman AM, Cheallaigh CN, Peral de Castro C, McLaughlin AM, et al. All-trans retinoic acid augments autophagy during intracellular bacterial infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2018;59(5):548\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"655_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646526","volume":"16","author":"A Aintablian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aintablian A, Arold AM, Alattar H, Cyran L, Schoen C, Du Plessis N, et al. MDSC depletion during immunization with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis increases protection against BCG infection. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1646526.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106734","volume":"196","author":"AZ Bahlool","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bahlool AZ, Cavanagh B, Sullivan AO, MacLoughlin R, Keane J, Sullivan MPO, et al. Microfluidics produced ATRA-loaded PLGA NPs reduced tuberculosis burden in alveolar epithelial cells and enabled high delivered dose under simulated human breathing pattern in 3D printed head models. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2024;196:106734.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"655_CR190","first-page":"30007","volume":"15","author":"H Zarei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zarei H, Movahedin M, Ganji F, Ghiaseddin A. Retinoic acid-releasing scaffold based on chitosan hydrogel and testis decellular plates. Bioimpacts. 2025;15:30007.","journal-title":"Bioimpacts"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081745","volume":"14","author":"AZ Bahlool","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bahlool AZ, Fattah S, O\u2019Sullivan A, Cavanagh B, MacLoughlin R, Keane J, et al. Development of inhalable ARTA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles as host-directed immunotherapy against tuberculosis. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(8):1745.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA06334D","volume":"13","author":"N Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian N, Duan H, Cao T, Dai G, Sheng G, Chu H, et al. Macrophage-targeted nanoparticles mediate synergistic photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy of tuberculosis. RSC Adv. 2023;13(3):1727\u201337.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"issue":"30","key":"655_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14516","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR03820A","volume":"10","author":"H Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang H, Cheng T, Lai L, Deng S, Yu R, Qiu L, et al. BN nanospheres functionalized with mesoporous silica for enhancing CPG oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated cancer immunotherapy. Nanoscale. 2018;10(30):14516\u201324.","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"655_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.05.064","volume":"235","author":"JP Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silva JP, Gon\u00e7alves C, Costa C, Sousa J, Silva-Gomes R, Castro AG, et al. Delivery of LLKKK18 loaded into self-assembling hyaluronic acid nanogel for tuberculosis treatment. J Control Release. 2016;235:112\u201324.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.7","volume":"2","author":"JC Santos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santos JC, Silva-Gomes S, Silva JP, Gama M, Rosa G, Gallo RL, et al. Endogenous cathelicidin production limits inflammation and protective immunity to Mycobacterium avium in mice. Immunity Inflamm Dis. 2014;2(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Immunity Inflamm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2021.09.012","volume":"111","author":"S D\u2019Souza","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza S, Du Plessis SM, Egieyeh S, Bekale RB, Maphasa RE, Irabin AF, et al. Physicochemical and biological evaluation of curdlan-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles as a host-directed therapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Pharm Sci. 2022;111(2):469\u201378.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"29","key":"655_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8098","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600816113","volume":"113","author":"L Nuhn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nuhn L, Vanparijs N, De Beuckelaer A, Lybaert L, Verstraete G, Deswarte K, et al. Ph-degradable imidazoquinoline-ligated nanogels for lymph node-focused immune activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(29):8098\u2013103.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"655_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00739","volume":"8","author":"S Tousif","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tousif S, Singh DK, Mukherjee S, Ahmad S, Arya R, Nanda R, et al. Nanoparticle-formulated curcumin prevents post-therapeutic disease reactivation and reinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis following isoniazid therapy. Front Immunol. 2017;8:739.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097","volume":"12","author":"N Charoenngam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charoenngam N, Holick MF. Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2907.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"655_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.950465","volume":"14","author":"A Ghaseminejad-Raeini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghaseminejad-Raeini A, Ghaderi A, Sharafi A, Nematollahi-Sani B, Moossavi M, Derakhshani A, et al. Immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D in various immune-related disorders: a comprehensive review. Front Immunol. 2023;14:950465.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002907","volume":"16","author":"O Aibana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aibana O, Huang CC, Aboud S, Arnedo-Pena A, Becerra MC, Bellido-Blasco JB, et al. Vitamin D status and risk of incident tuberculosis disease: a nested case-control study, systematic review, and individual-participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16(9):e1002907.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0639","volume":"26","author":"A Shukla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shukla A, Bromage S, Dholakia Y, Hemler EC, Dev P, Govekar L, et al. Case-control study of vitamin D status and adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2022;26(9):826\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"655_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04015","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04015","volume":"12","author":"L Tamara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tamara L, Kartasasmita CB, Alam A, Gurnida DA. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on resolution of fever and cough in children with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized double-blind controlled trial in Indonesia. J Glob Health. 2022;12:04015.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3203-9","volume":"18","author":"RS Rekha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rekha RS, Mily A, Sultana T, Haq A, Ahmed S, Mostafa Kamal SM, et al. Immune responses in the treatment of drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis with phenylbutyrate and vitamin D3 as host directed therapy. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):303.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"655_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-22","volume":"13","author":"N Salahuddin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salahuddin N, Ali F, Hasan Z, Rao N, Aqeel M, Mahmood F. Vitamin D accelerates clinical recovery from tuberculosis: results of the SUCCINCT study [supplementary cholecalciferol in recovery from tuberculosis]. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:22.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138340","volume":"10","author":"A Mily","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mily A, Rekha RS, Kamal SM, Arifuzzaman AS, Rahim Z, Khan L, et al. Significant effects of oral phenylbutyrate and vitamin D3 adjunctive therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138340.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-0936OC","volume":"196","author":"D Ganmaa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ganmaa D, Munkhzul B, Fawzi W, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Bayasgalan P, et al. High-dose vitamin D3 during tuberculosis treatment in Mongolia. A randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(5):628\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e463","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30108-9","volume":"7","author":"CR Sudfeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sudfeld CR, Mugusi F, Muhihi A, Aboud S, Nagu TJ, Ulenga N, et al. Efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis and mortality in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(7):e463\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915176","volume":"383","author":"D Ganmaa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganmaa D, Uyanga B, Zhou X, Gantsetseg G, Delgerekh B, Enkhmaa D, et al. Vitamin D supplements for prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(4):359\u201368.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7190","volume":"178","author":"AR Martineau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martineau AR, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, Floto RA, Norman AW, Skolimowska K, et al. IFN-\u03b3- and TNF-independent vitamin D-inducible human suppression of mycobacteria: the role of cathelicidin IL-37. J Immunol. 2007;178(11):7190\u20138.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.08.004","volume":"6","author":"JM Yuk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yuk JM, Shin DM, Lee HM, Yang CS, Jin HS, Kim KK, et al. Vitamin D3 induces autophagy in human monocytes\/macrophages via cathelicidin. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;6(3):231\u201343.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03024.x","volume":"127","author":"A Coussens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coussens A, Timms PM, Boucher BJ, Venton TR, Ashcroft AT, Skolimowska KH, et al. 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology. 2009;127(4):539\u201348.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152201","volume":"227","author":"MH Lew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lew MH, Norazmi MN, Nordin F, Tye GJ. A novel peptide vaccination augments cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis HspX antigen. Immunobiology. 2022;227(3):152201.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.26171","volume":"10","author":"P Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang P, Wang L, Zhang W, Bai Y, Kang J, Hao Y, et al. Immunotherapeutic efficacy of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing Ag85B-ESAT6 fusion protein against persistent tuberculosis infection in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(1):150\u20138.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.08.037","volume":"25","author":"Z Yi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yi Z, Fu Y, Yang C, Li J, Luo X, Chen Q, et al. Recombinant M. smegmatis vaccine targeted delivering IL-12\/GLS into macrophages can induce specific cellular immunity against M. tuberculosis in BALB\/c mice. Vaccine. 2007;25(4):638\u201348.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00243-6","volume":"6","author":"Y An","year":"2025","unstructured":"An Y, Ni R, Zhuang L, Yang L, Ye Z, Li L, et al. Tuberculosis vaccines and therapeutic drug: challenges and future directions. Mol Biomed. 2025;6(1):4.","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR217","volume":"7","author":"WP Gong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gong WP, Liang Y, Ling YB, Zhang JX, Yang YR, Wang L, et al. Effects of Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine in a mouse model of tuberculosis: protective action and differentially expressed genes. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):25.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00477-07","volume":"15","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00fcell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00fcell E, Agust\u00ed G, Corominas M, Cardona PJ, Luquin M, Juli\u00e1n E. Mice with pulmonary tuberculosis treated with Mycobacterium vaccae develop strikingly enhanced recall gamma interferon responses to M. vaccae cell wall skeleton. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15(5):893\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2016.17.4.505","volume":"17","author":"L Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang L, Jiang Y, Cui Z, Yang W, Yue L, Ma Y, et al. Mycobacterium vaccae induces a strong Th1 response that subsequently declines in C57BL\/6 mice. J Vet Sci. 2016;17(4):505\u201313.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(90)90002-P","volume":"71","author":"JL Stanford","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stanford JL, Bahr GM, Rook GA, Shaaban MA, Chugh TD, Gabriel M, et al. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1990;71(2):87\u201393.","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023826","volume":"6","author":"XY Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang XY, Chen QF, Li YP, Wu SM. Mycobacterium vaccae as adjuvant therapy to anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in never-treated tuberculosis patients: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e23826.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.624","volume":"4","author":"H Weng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weng H, Huang JY, Meng XY, Li S, Zhang GQ. Adjunctive therapy of Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Rep. 2016;4(5):595\u2013600.","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(94)90105-8","volume":"75","author":"J Dhillon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dhillon J, Mitchison DA. Effect of vaccines in a murine model of dormant tuberculosis. Tuberc Lung Dis. 1994;75(1):61\u20134.","journal-title":"Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"655_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.03.047","volume":"32","author":"MI Gr\u00f6schel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6schel MI, Prabowo SA, Cardona PJ, Stanford JL, van der Werf TS. Therapeutic vaccines for tuberculosis-a systematic review. Vaccine. 2014;32(26):3162\u20138.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-006-9062-1","volume":"90","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00fcell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00fcell E, Agust\u00ed G, Corominas M, Cardona PJ, Casals I, Parella T, et al. The production of a new extracellular putative long-chain saturated polyester by smooth variants of Mycobacterium vaccae interferes with Th1-cytokine production. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2006;90(1):93\u2013108.","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"655_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.09.027","volume":"101","author":"S Das","year":"2016","unstructured":"Das S, Chowdhury BP, Goswami A, Parveen S, Jawed J, Pal N, et al. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) mediated host protective intracellular mechanisms against tuberculosis infection: involvement of TLR-4 mediated signaling. Tuberculosis. 2016;101:201\u20139.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR227","first-page":"201","volume":"36","author":"F Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou F, Zhang Y, Zhang D. Latest advances in the development of tuberculosis vaccines in global clinical trials: a review. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi. 2024;36(2):201\u20136.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175215","volume":"12","author":"CF von Reyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"von Reyn CF, Lahey T, Arbeit RD, Landry B, Kailani L, Adams LV, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated whole cell tuberculosis vaccine booster in adults primed with BCG: a randomized, controlled trial of DAR-901. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0175215.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR229","first-page":"9","volume":"44","author":"X Yong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yong X, Xueqiong W. Expert consensus on immune function assessment and immunotherapy in patients with active tuberculosis (2021 edition). Zhongguo Fanglao Zazhi. 2022;44(1):9.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Fanglao Zazhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217091","volume":"14","author":"T Masonou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masonou T, Hokey DA, Lahey T, Halliday A, Berrocal-Almanza LC, Wieland-Alter WF, et al. CD4+ T cell cytokine responses to the DAR-901 booster vaccine in BCG-primed adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217091.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"655_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00894","volume":"10","author":"SA Prabowo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prabowo SA, Painter H, Zelmer A, Smith SG, Seifert K, Amat M, et al. RUTI vaccination enhances inhibition of mycobacterial growth ex vivo and induces a shift of monocyte phenotype in mice. Front Immunol. 2019;10:894.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.008","volume":"23","author":"PJ Cardona","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cardona PJ, Amat I, Gordillo S, Arcos V, Guirado E, D\u00edaz J, et al. Immunotherapy with fragmented Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells increases the effectiveness of chemotherapy against a chronical infection in a murine model of tuberculosis. Vaccine. 2005;23(11):1393\u20138.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00255-08","volume":"15","author":"O Gil","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gil O, Vilaplana C, Guirado E, D\u00edaz J, C\u00e1ceres N, Singh M, et al. Enhanced gamma interferon responses of mouse spleen cells following immunotherapy for tuberculosis relapse. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15(11):1742\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020404","volume":"6","author":"C Vilaplana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vilaplana C, Gil O, C\u00e1ceres N, Pinto S, D\u00edaz J, Cardona PJ. Prophylactic effect of a therapeutic vaccine against TB based on fragments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20404.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00403-5","volume":"22","author":"C Lange","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lange C, Aaby P, Behr MA, Donald PR, Kaufmann SHE, Netea MG, et al. 100 Years of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):e2\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"655_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.01.027","volume":"56","author":"D Valentini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valentini D, Rao M, Rane L, Rahman S, Axelsson-Robertson R, Heuchel R, et al. Peptide microarray-based characterization of antibody responses to host proteins after Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;56:140\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"50","key":"655_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.040","volume":"39","author":"AK Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh AK, Srikrishna G, Bivalacqua TJ, Bishai WR. Recombinant BCGs for tuberculosis and bladder cancer. Vaccine. 2021;39(50):7321\u201331.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"24","key":"655_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6962-x","volume":"99","author":"X Yuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuan X, Teng X, Jing Y, Ma J, Tian M, Yu Q, et al. A live attenuated BCG vaccine overexpressing multistage antigens Ag85B and HspX provides superior protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;99(24):10587\u201395.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050827","volume":"10","author":"M Kowalewicz-Kulbat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Locht C. Recombinant BCG to enhance its immunomodulatory activities. Vaccines. 2022;10(5):827.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"655_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.943558","volume":"13","author":"MM Trentini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trentini MM, Kanno AI, Rodriguez D, Marques-Neto LM, Eto SF, Chudzinki-Tavassi AM, et al. Recombinant BCG expressing the LTAK63 adjuvant improves a short-term chemotherapy schedule in the control of tuberculosis in mice. Front Immunol. 2022;13:943558.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112047","volume":"142","author":"G Chiwala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiwala G, Liu Z, Mugweru JN, Wang B, Khan SA, Bate PNN, et al. A recombinant selective drug-resistant M. bovis BCG enhances the bactericidal activity of a second-line anti-tuberculosis regimen. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;142:112047.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30625-5","volume":"20","author":"LK Schrager","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schrager LK, Vekemens J, Drager N, Lewinsohn DM, Olesen OF. The status of tuberculosis vaccine development. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(3):e28\u201337.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR243","first-page":"1310","volume":"37","author":"Q Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun Q, Li S, Gao M, Pang Y. Therapeutic strategies for tuberculosis: progress and lessons learned. Biomed Environ Sci. 2024;37(11):1310\u201323.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30077-8","volume":"6","author":"A Penn-Nicholson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Penn-Nicholson A, Tameris M, Smit E, Day TA, Musvosvi M, Jayashankar L, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the novel tuberculosis vaccine ID93\u2008+\u2008GLA-SE in BCG-vaccinated healthy adults in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(4):287\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2285","volume":"17","author":"C Aagaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aagaard C, Hoang T, Dietrich J, Cardona PJ, Izzo A, Dolganov G, et al. A multistage tuberculosis vaccine that confers efficient protection before and after exposure. Nat Med. 2011;17(2):189\u201394.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46252","volume":"122","author":"PL Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin PL, Dietrich J, Tan E, Abalos RM, Burgos J, Bigbee C, et al. The multistage vaccine H56 boosts the effects of BCG to protect cynomolgus macaques against active tuberculosis and reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Investig. 2012;122(1):303\u201314.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"655_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102210","volume":"77","author":"N McCann","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCann N, O\u2019Connor D, Lambe T, Pollard AJ. Viral vector vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol. 2022;77:102210.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0654OC","volume":"195","author":"RN van Zyl-Smit","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Zyl-Smit RN, Esmail A, Bateman ME, Dawson R, Goldin J, van Rikxoort E, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of adenovirus 35 tuberculosis vaccine candidate in adults with active or previous tuberculosis. A randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(9):1171\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"655_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36355","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36355","volume":"6","author":"M Nyendak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nyendak M, Swarbrick GM, Duncan A, Cansler M, Huff EW, Hokey D, et al. Adenovirally-induced polyfunctional t cells do not necessarily recognize the infected target: lessons from a phase I trial of the AERAS-402 vaccine. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36355.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127907","volume":"10","author":"SA Alyahya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alyahya SA, Nolan ST, Smith CM, Bishai WR, Sadoff J, Lamichhane G. Immunogenicity without efficacy of an adenoviral tuberculosis vaccine in a stringent mouse model for immunotherapy during treatment. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0127907.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196815","volume":"13","author":"S Leung-Theung-Long","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leung-Theung-Long S, Coupet CA, Gouanvic M, Schmitt D, Ray A, Hoffmann C, et al. A multi-antigenic MVA vaccine increases efficacy of combination chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0196815.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz306","volume":"220","author":"S Afkhami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afkhami S, Lai R, D\u2019Agostino MR, Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Zganiacz A, Yao Y, et al. Single-dose mucosal immunotherapy with chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccine accelerates tuberculosis disease control and limits its rebound after antibiotic cessation. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(8):1355\u201366.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122287","volume":"13","author":"A Melo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melo A, de Mac\u00eado LS, Inven\u00e7\u00e3o M, de Moura IA, da Gama M, de Melo CML, et al. Third-generation vaccines: features of nucleic acid vaccines and strategies to improve their efficiency. Genes (Basel). 2022;13(12):2287.","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"655_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.633776","volume":"9","author":"F Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin F, Xia F, Chen H, Cui B, Feng Y, Zhang P, et al. A guide to nucleic acid vaccines in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cancers: from basic principles to current applications. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:633776.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR255","first-page":"255","volume":"17","author":"A Mobed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mobed A. DNA based vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: recent progress in vaccine development and delivery system. Iran J Immunol. 2020;17(4):255\u201374.","journal-title":"Iran J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-017-0196-x","volume":"18","author":"Y Liang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liang Y, Zhang X, Bai X, Xiao L, Wang X, Zhang J, et al. Immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv2190c DNA vaccine in mice. BMC Immunol. 2017;18(1):11.","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1089\/hgtb.2018.211","volume":"30","author":"Y Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liang Y, Zhang X, Bai X, Yang Y, Gong W, Wang T, et al. Immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of latency-associated genes in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis reactivation mouse model. Hum Gene Ther Methods. 2019;30(2):60\u20139.","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2018.1546291","volume":"51","author":"Y Liang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liang Y, Zhao Y, Bai X, Xiao L, Yang Y, Zhang J, et al. Immunotherapeutic effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RV3407 DNA vaccine in mice. Autoimmunity. 2018;51(8):417\u201322.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"655_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2018.07.003","volume":"113","author":"J Tang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang J, Cai Y, Liang J, Tan Z, Tang X, Zhang C, et al. In vivo electroporation of a codon-optimized BERopt DNA vaccine protects mice from pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol challenge. Tuberculosis. 2018;113:65\u201375.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-695X.12008","volume":"66","author":"Y Liang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liang Y, Wu X, Zhang J, Xiao L, Yang Y, Bai X, et al. Immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of Ag85A\/B chimeric DNA vaccine in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012;66(3):419\u201326.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"655_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01821","volume":"3","author":"P Chauhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chauhan P, Jain R, Dey B, Tyagi AK. Adjunctive immunotherapy with \u03b1-crystallin based DNA vaccination reduces tuberculosis chemotherapy period in chronically infected mice. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1821.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6741","key":"655_CR262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/22326","volume":"400","author":"DB Lowrie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lowrie DB, Tascon RE, Bonato VL, Lima VM, Faccioli LH, Stavropoulos E, et al. Therapy of tuberculosis in mice by DNA vaccination. Nature. 1999;400(6741):269\u201371.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.3.1.53","volume":"3","author":"R Reljic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reljic R, Paul MJ, Arias MA. Cytokine therapy of tuberculosis at the crossroads. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2009;3(1):53\u201366.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.12.055","volume":"27","author":"XD Hu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hu XD, Chen ST, Yu DH, Li SX, Cai H. Immunotherapy with combined DNA vaccines is an effective treatment for M. bovis infection in cattle. Vaccine. 2009;27(9):1317\u201322.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.1269","volume":"11","author":"CR Z\u00e1rate-Blad\u00e9s","year":"2009","unstructured":"Z\u00e1rate-Blad\u00e9s CR, Bonato VLD, da Silveira ELV, Oliveira e Paula M, Junta CM, Sandrin-Garcia P, et al. Comprehensive gene expression profiling in lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis following DNAhsp65 immunotherapy. J Gene Med. 2009;11(1):66\u201378.","journal-title":"J Gene Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv023","volume":"70","author":"RF Rodrigues","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodrigues RF, Z\u00e1rate-Blad\u00e9s CR, Rios WM, Soares LS, Souza PR, Brand\u00e3o IT, et al. Synergy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy revealed by a genome-scale analysis of murine tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(6):1774\u201383.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"655_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.972266","volume":"13","author":"S Karanika","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karanika S, Gordy JT, Neupane P, Karantanos T, Ruelas Castillo J, Quijada D, et al. An intranasal stringent response vaccine targeting dendritic cells as a novel adjunctive therapy against tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:972266.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"655_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2008.13","volume":"15","author":"DH Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu DH, Hu XD, Cai H. Efficient tuberculosis treatment in mice using chemotherapy and immunotherapy with the combined DNA vaccine encoding Ag85B, MPT-64 and MPT-83. Gene Ther. 2008;15(9):652\u20139.","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28249","volume":"10","author":"NTS Doimo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doimo NTS, Z\u00e1rate-Blad\u00e9s CR, Rodrigues RF, Tef\u00e9-Silva C, Trotte MN, Souza PR, et al. Immunotherapy of tuberculosis with Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 as a DNA vaccine triggers cross-reactive antibodies against mammalian Hsp60 but not pathological autoimmunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(5):1238\u201343.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.10.002","volume":"26","author":"S Linares-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Linares-Fern\u00e1ndez S, Lacroix C, Exposito JY, Verrier B. Tailoring mrna vaccine to balance innate\/adaptive immune response. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26(3):311\u201323.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"655_CR271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1164546","volume":"11","author":"M Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng M, Wang X, Xiong Z, Tang P. Control of RNA degradation in cell fate decision. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1164546.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"655_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4108-8_12","volume":"2854","author":"C Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng C, Zhang L. Identifying RNA sensors in antiviral innate immunity. Methods Mol Biol. 2025;2854:107\u201315.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6324-6329.2004","volume":"72","author":"T Xue","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xue T, Stavropoulos E, Yang M, Ragno S, Vordermeier M, Chambers M, et al. RNA encoding the MPT83 antigen induces protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun. 2004;72(11):6324\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08506-4","volume":"12","author":"H Al Tbeishat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al Tbeishat H. Novel in silico mRNA vaccine design exploiting proteins of M. tuberculosis that modulates host immune responses by inducing epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):4645.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-022-10515-4","volume":"27","author":"S Shahrear","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shahrear S, Islam A. Modeling of MT. P495, an mRNA-based vaccine against the phosphate-binding protein PstS1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Divers. 2023;27(4):1613\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Divers"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2024.01.001","volume":"111","author":"A Doug\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doug\u00e9 A, Caux C, Bay JO. Cell therapy in all its forms. Bull Cancer. 2024;111(2):213\u201321.","journal-title":"Bull Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000575","volume":"25","author":"M Rao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rao M, Ligeiro D, Maeurer M. Precision medicine in the clinical management of respiratory tract infections including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: learning from innovations in immuno-oncology. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2019;25(3):233\u201341.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"655_CR278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00176","volume":"11","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Cao YJ. Adoptive cell therapy targeting neoantigens: a frontier for cancer research. Front Immunol. 2020;11:176.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"655_CR279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00621","volume":"10","author":"S Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel S, Lang H, Sani G, Freeman AF, Leiding J, Hanley PJ, et al. Mycobacteria-specific T cells may be expanded from healthy donors and are near absent in primary immunodeficiency disorders. Front Immunol. 2019;10:621.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12878","volume":"20","author":"CY Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou CY, Wen Q, Chen XJ, Wang RN, He WT, Zhang SM, et al. Human CD8+ T cells transduced with an additional receptor bispecific for both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 recognize both epitopes. J Cell Mol Med. 2016;20(10):1984\u201398.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"655_CR281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00983","volume":"8","author":"CY Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou CY, Wang RN, Wen Q, He WT, Zhang SM, Du XL, et al. Alanine mutagenesis in the complementarity determining region 3 of the MTB and HIV-1 peptide-bispecific T cell receptor beta chain affects ligand recognition. Front Immunol. 2017;8:983.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003408","volume":"37","author":"CY Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou CY, Wang RN, He WT, Luo DR, Yuan SR, Wen Q, et al. Functional analysis of the antigen binding sites on the MTB\/HIV-1 peptide bispecific T-cell receptor complementarity determining region 3\u03b1. AIDS. 2023;37(1):33\u201342.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003501","volume":"9","author":"CY Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen CY, Yao S, Huang D, Wei H, Sicard H, Zeng G, et al. Phosphoantigen\/IL2 expansion and differentiation of V\u03b32V\u03b42 T cells increase resistance to tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(8):e1003501.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(84)90082-0","volume":"84","author":"IM Orme","year":"1984","unstructured":"Orme IM, Collins FM. Adoptive protection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lung. Dissociation between cells that passively transfer protective immunity and those that transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin. Cell Immunol. 1984;84(1):113\u201320.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"655_CR285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(88)90111-X","volume":"46","author":"IM Orme","year":"1988","unstructured":"Orme IM. An age-related loss of the isogeneic barrier to the successful passive cell transfer of antimicrobial immunity in mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1988;46(1\u20133):29\u201332.","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15010","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15290-z","volume":"7","author":"A Khan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khan A, Mann L, Papanna R, Lyu MA, Singh CR, Olson S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells internalize Mycobacterium tuberculosis through scavenger receptors and restrict bacterial growth through autophagy. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):15010.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.08.1048","volume":"154","author":"K Suresh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suresh K, Naidoo J, Lin CT, Danoff S. Immune checkpoint immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: benefits and pulmonary toxicities. Chest. 2018;154(6):1416\u201323.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR288","first-page":"38","volume":"12","author":"YC Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo YC, Huang XT, Wang R, Lin YJ, Sun JX, Li KF, et al. Advancements in understanding tumor-resident bacteria and their application in cancer therapy. Mil Med Res. 2025;12(1):38.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305592","volume":"11","author":"M Lyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lyu M, Xu G, Zhou J, Reboud J, Wang Y, Lai H, et al. Single-cell sequencing reveals functional alterations in tuberculosis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11(11):e2305592.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"issue":"6","key":"655_CR290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061376","volume":"9","author":"Y Ishida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishida Y. PD-1: its discovery, involvement in cancer immunotherapy, and beyond. Cells. 2020;9(6):1376.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"24","key":"655_CR291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13866","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231486598","volume":"98","author":"T Okazaki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Okazaki T, Maeda A, Nishimura H, Kurosaki T, Honjo T. PD-1 immunoreceptor inhibits B cell receptor-mediated signaling by recruiting src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 to phosphotyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(24):13866\u201371.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"655_CR292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216726","volume":"588","author":"M Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao M, Shi J, Xiao X, Yao Y, Chen X, Wang B, et al. PD-1 regulation in immune homeostasis and immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2024;588:216726.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"655_CR293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.07.083","volume":"574","author":"KA Sheppard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheppard KA, Fitz LJ, Lee JM, Benander C, George JA, Wooters J, et al. PD-1 inhibits T-cell receptor induced phosphorylation of the ZAP70\/CD3\u03b6 signalosome and downstream signaling to PKC\u03b8. FEBS Lett. 2004;574(1\u20133):37\u201341.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"655_CR294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1027","volume":"192","author":"GJ Freeman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freeman GJ, Long AJ, Iwai Y, Bourque K, Chernova T, Nishimura H, et al. Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation. J Exp Med. 2000;192(7):1027\u201334.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"655_CR295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042020-042741","volume":"16","author":"S Bagchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance. Annu Rev Pathol. 2021;16:223\u201349.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay4458","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay4458","volume":"6","author":"M Marasco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marasco M, Berteotti A, Weyershaeuser J, Thorausch N, Sikorska J, Krausze J, et al. Molecular mechanism of SHP2 activation by PD-1 stimulation. Sci Adv. 2020;6(5):eaay4458.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"6332","key":"655_CR297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1292","volume":"355","author":"E Hui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hui E, Cheung J, Zhu J, Su X, Taylor MJ, Wallweber HA, et al. T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition. Science. 2017;355(6332):1428\u201333.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019864","volume":"6","author":"S Tousif","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tousif S, Singh Y, Prasad DV, Sharma P, Van Kaer L, Das G. T cells from programmed death-1 deficient mice respond poorly to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19864.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.05.016","volume":"27","author":"MJ Butte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Butte MJ, Keir ME, Phamduy TB, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ. Programmed death-1 ligand 1 interacts specifically with the B7-1 costimulatory molecule to inhibit T cell responses. Immunity. 2007;27(1):111\u201322.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"655_CR300","first-page":"1","volume":"350","author":"C Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu C, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK. TIM-3 and its regulatory role in immune responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2011;350:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20078","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20078","volume":"18","author":"I Sada-Ovalle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sada-Ovalle I, Oca\u00f1a-Guzman R, P\u00e9rez-Patrige\u00f3n S, Ch\u00e1vez-Gal\u00e1n L, Sierra-Madero J, Torre-Bouscoulet L, et al. Tim-3 blocking rescue macrophage and T cell function against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV+ patients. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18(1):20078.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"655_CR302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100687","volume":"207","author":"P Jayaraman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jayaraman P, Sada-Ovalle I, Beladi S, Anderson AC, Dardalhon V, Hotta C, et al. Tim3 binding to galectin-9 stimulates antimicrobial immunity. J Exp Med. 2010;207(11):2343\u201354.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"655_CR303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2025.106826","volume":"186","author":"A Manzoor","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manzoor A, Barakat K. Therapeutic potential of TIM-3 inhibition in cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2025;186:106826.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"655_CR304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107933","volume":"99","author":"L Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao L, Cheng S, Fan L, Zhang B, Xu S. TIM-3: an update on immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;99:107933.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR305","volume":"4","author":"R Ferrara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrara R, Imbimbo M, Malouf R, Paget-Bailly S, Calais F, Marchal C, et al. Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;4(4):Cd013257.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02839-22","volume":"11","author":"J Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan J, Zhang X, Xu J, Chang Z, Xin Z, Wang G. Landscape of exhausted T cells in tuberculosis revealed by single-cell sequencing. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(2):e0283922.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"655_CR307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10214","volume":"6","author":"LL Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang LL, Janes ME, Kumbhojkar N, Kapate N, Clegg JR, Prakash S, et al. Cell therapies in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med. 2021;6(2):e10214.","journal-title":"Bioeng Transl Med"},{"key":"655_CR308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4370-8_10","volume":"1266","author":"F Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han F, Lu P. Future challenges and perspectives for stem cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1266:141\u20135.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"655_CR309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.047","volume":"319","author":"TR Abreu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abreu TR, Fonseca NA, Gon\u00e7alves N, Moreira JN. Current challenges and emerging opportunities of CAR-T cell therapies. J Control Release. 2020;319:246\u201361.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"655_CR310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00792","volume":"11","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Liu X, Cao F, Bellanti JA, Zhou J, Zheng SG. Prospects of the use of cell therapy to induce immune tolerance. Front Immunol. 2020;11:792.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30674-6","volume":"21","author":"EA Langan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langan EA, Graetz V, Allerheiligen J, Zillikens D, Rupp J, Terheyden P. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and tuberculosis: an old disease in a new context. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(1):e55\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa126","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa126","volume":"7","author":"K Fujita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujita K, Yamamoto Y, Kanai O, Okamura M, Hashimoto M, Nakatani K, et al. Incidence of active tuberculosis in lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(5):ofaa126.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"655_CR313","volume":"3","author":"M Riudavets","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riudavets M, Wyplosz B, Ghigna MR, Botticella A, Abdayem P, Pradere P, et al. Complete remission after immunotherapy-induced abdominal tuberculosis in a patient with advanced NSCLC treated with pembrolizumab: a case report. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2022;3(5):100319.","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2015.1125017","volume":"55","author":"JJX Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee JJX, Chan A, Tang T. Tuberculosis reactivation in a patient receiving anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor for relapsed Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma. Acta Oncol. 2016;55(4):519\u201320.","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"655_CR315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.07.006","volume":"11","author":"K Fujita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fujita K, Terashima T, Mio T. Anti-PD1 antibody treatment and the development of acute pulmonary tuberculosis. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(12):2238\u201340.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"655_CR316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.03.012","volume":"12","author":"YC Chu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chu YC, Fang KC, Chen HC, Yeh YC, Tseng CE, Chou TY, et al. Pericardial tamponade caused by a hypersensitivity response to tuberculosis reactivation after anti-PD-1 treatment in a patient with advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(8):e111\u20134.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"655_CR317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.12.003","volume":"24","author":"H Picchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Picchi H, Mateus C, Chouaid C, Besse B, Marabelle A, Michot JM, et al. Infectious complications associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology: reactivation of tuberculosis after anti PD-1 treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(3):216\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"655_CR318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2020.05.020","volume":"146","author":"GH Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan GH, Gwee YX, Low JL, Huang Y, Chan ZY, Choo JR, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibition for non-small cell lung cancer in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis or hepatitis B: experience from a single Asian centre. Lung Cancer-J Iaslc. 2020;146:145\u201353.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer-J Iaslc"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e498","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad340","volume":"29","author":"HW Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen HW, Kuo YW, Chen CY, Chang CH, Wang SM, Chien YC, et al. Increased tuberculosis reactivation risk in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy. Oncologist. 2024;29(4):e498\u2013506.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"655_CR320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000866","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2020-000866","volume":"5","author":"K Anand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anand K, Sahu G, Burns E, Ensor A, Ensor J, Pingali SR, et al. Mycobacterial infections due to PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. ESMO Open. 2020;5(4):e000866.","journal-title":"ESMO Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"655_CR321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/187152809787582543","volume":"8","author":"A Mootoo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mootoo A, Stylianou E, Arias MA, Reljic R. TNF-\u03b1 in tuberculosis: a cytokine with a split personality. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2009;8(1):53\u201362.","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"655_CR322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52668","volume":"9","author":"LB Tezera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tezera LB, Bielecka MK, Ogongo P, Walker NF, Ellis M, Garay-Baquero DJ, et al. Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy leads to tuberculosis reactivation via dysregulation of TNF-\u03b1. Elife. 2020;9:e52668.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"10","key":"655_CR323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00228-7","volume":"24","author":"O Korotych","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korotych O, Achar J, Gurbanova E, Hovhannesyan A, Lomtadze N, Ciobanu A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of modified fully oral 9-month treatment regimens for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24(10):1151\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"655_CR324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607770","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1607770","volume":"16","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H, Liu L, Hu J, Wu X, Zheng J, Xin H, et al. Transcriptomic and proteomic signatures of host NK cells delineate distinct immune states across tuberculosis infection statuses. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1607770.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Military Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40779-025-00655-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40779-025-00655-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40779-025-00655-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:53:12Z","timestamp":1772830392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40779-025-00655-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"references-count":324,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-025-00655-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-9369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-9369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"68"}}