{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:27:02Z","timestamp":1784546822652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency has been found to associated with numerous skeletal and non-skeletal diseases including Diabetes Mellitus. Insulin Resistance (IR) is considered as one of the primary reasons of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The association between vitamin D deficiency and IR has been extensively explore in previous studies, but none of them focused on Indian adolescents, and none of them used the TyG index as IR marker. Hence, this population-based cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between insulin resistance (IR) assessed using the Triglycerides Glucose Index (TyG index) and vitamin D measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For this study, we utilized data from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS, 2016\u201318). The study is based on a sample size of 10,167 adolescents aged 10\u201319\u00a0years. The TyG index cut-off value of 4.65 was used to classify IR. We examined associations between the TyG index and serum 25(OH)D using multiple linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Odds of Insulin Resistance among vitamin D deficient\/insufficient adolescents were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A significant negative association was found between serum 25(OH)D and the TyG index, where a 10% increase in serum 25(OH)D was associated with 0.56 (95% CI\u2009=\u2009-0.67, -0.45) unit decrement in the TyG index. The odds of having IR were 90% higher among vitamin D deficient adolescents (OR: 1.90; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.62\u20142.23) compared to adolescents with adequate levels of vitamin D. The association between vitamin D deficiency and IR was independent of sex; in other words, the association between vitamin D and IR was significant in both the sexes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Independent of sex, this study found a significant inverse association between vitamin D and insulin resistance in Indian adolescents. The findings of this study highlight the utility of TyG index and the importance of vitamin D in lowering the risk of T2DM in future generations of the country.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-022-00568-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T07:25:37Z","timestamp":1658733937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D and Triglycerides-Glucose index among Indian adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7917-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akif","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chander","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2005.07.009","volume":"52","author":"N Gungor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gungor N, Hannon T, Libman I, Bacha F, Arslanian S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: The complete picture to date. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005;52(6):1579\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2005.07.009.","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12303","volume":"17","author":"NS Mohd Nor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohd Nor NS, Lee SJ, Bacha F, Tfayli H, Arslanian S. Triglyceride glucose index as a surrogate measure of insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents with normoglycemia, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison with the hyperinsulinemic\u2013euglycemic clamp. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016;17(6):458\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12303.","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy194","volume":"108","author":"JH Jhee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jhee JH, Nam KH, An SY, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for renal hyperfiltration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(6):1342\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy194.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12124","volume":"67","author":"C Irace","year":"2013","unstructured":"Irace C, Carallo C, Scavelli FB, et al. Markers of insulin resistance and carotid atherosclerosis. A comparison of the homeostasis model assessment and triglyceride glucose index. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(7):665\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.12124.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2014.06.009","volume":"61","author":"G Unger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unger G, Benozzi SF, Perruzza F, Pennacchiotti GL. Triglycerides and glucose index: a useful indicator of insulin resistance. Endocrinol y Nutr. 2014;61(10):533\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.endonu.2014.06.009.","journal-title":"Endocrinol y Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick MF, Vitamin D. Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra070553.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8673","key":"568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91789-3","volume":"334","author":"CF Garland","year":"1989","unstructured":"Garland CF, Garland FC, Shaw EK, Comstock GW, Helsing KJ, Gorham ED. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D AND COLON CANCER: EIGHT-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY. Lancet. 1989;334(8673):1176\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91789-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"568_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::AID-CNCR2820701224>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"70","author":"CL Hanchette","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hanchette CL, Schwartz GG. Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation. Cancer. 1992;70(12):2861\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19921215)70:12%3c2861::AID-CNCR2820701224%3e3.0.CO;2-G.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008923802001","volume":"11","author":"MH Ahonen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ahonen MH, Tenkanen L, Teppo L, Hakama M, Tuohimaa P. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11(9):847\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1008923802001.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"9292","key":"568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","volume":"358","author":"E Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hypp\u00f6nen E, L\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 E, Reunanen A, J\u00e4rvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358(9292):1500\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199707000-00005","volume":"8","author":"D Carmelli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carmelli D, Zhang H, Swan GE. Obesity and 33-year follow-up for coronary heart disease and cancer mortality. Epidemiology. 1997;8(4):378\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001648-199707000-00005.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11434","volume":"50","author":"LA Merlino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Saag KG. Vitamin D Intake Is Inversely Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the Iowa Women\u2019s Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(1):72\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.11434.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"568_CR13","first-page":"5","volume":"3","author":"FM Gloth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gloth FM, Alam W, Hollis B. Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder. J Nutr Heal Aging. 1999;3(1):5\u20137 (https:\/\/jhu.pure.elsevier.com\/en\/publications\/vitamin-d-vs-broad-spectrum-phototherapy-in-the-treatment-of-seas-3).","journal-title":"J Nutr Heal Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"568_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00259-6","volume":"54","author":"J McGrath","year":"2002","unstructured":"McGrath J, Selten JP, Chant D. Long-term trends in sunshine duration and its association with schizophrenia birth rates and age at first registration - Data from Australia and the Netherlands. Schizophr Res. 2002;54(3):199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00259-6.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.713339","volume":"118","author":"DE Wallis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wallis DE, Penckofer S, Sizemore GW. The sunshine deficit and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;118(14):1476\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.713339.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"568_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690","volume":"72","author":"J Wortsman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):690\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"568_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1802-7","volume":"48","author":"C Mathieu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathieu C, Gysemans C, Giulietti A, Bouillon R. Vitamin D and diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005;48(7):1247\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-005-1802-7.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"568_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/DOM.12650","volume":"18","author":"S Tepper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tepper S, Shahar DR, Geva D, Ish-Shalom S. Differences in homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) values and insulin levels after vitamin D supplementation in healthy men: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(6):633\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/DOM.12650.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992017","volume":"103","author":"PR Von Hurst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(4):549\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114509992017.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"568_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3313-x","volume":"57","author":"M Tabesh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tabesh M, Azadbakht L, Faghihimani E, Tabesh M, Esmaillzadeh A. Effects of calcium\u2013vitamin D co-supplementation on metabolic profiles in vitamin D insufficient people with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Diabetologia. 2014;57(10):2038\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-014-3313-x.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"568_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.3945\/JN.113.177550","volume":"143","author":"Z Asemi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asemi Z, Samimi M, Tabassi Z, Shakeri H, Esmaillzadeh A. Vitamin D supplementation affects serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnant women. J Nutr. 2013;143(9):1432\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/JN.113.177550.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"568_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040794","volume":"11","author":"I Szymczak-Pajor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor I, \u015aliwi\u0144ska A. Analysis of association between vitamin d deficiency and insulin resistance. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11040794.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"568_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3945\/AJCN.111.011684","volume":"94","author":"J Mitri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitri J, Dawson-Hughes B, Hu FB, Pittas AG. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic \u03b2 cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):486\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/AJCN.111.011684.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"568_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.2337\/DC19-2265\/-\/DC1","volume":"43","author":"A Pramono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pramono A, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE, van Baak MA. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(7):1659\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC19-2265\/-\/DC1.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12933-014-0146-3","volume":"13","author":"T Du","year":"2014","unstructured":"Du T, Yuan G, Zhang M, Zhou X, Sun X, Yu X. Clinical usefulness of lipid ratios, visceral adiposity indicators, and the triglycerides and glucose index as risk markers of insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12933-014-0146-3.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"16","key":"568_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1788501","volume":"61","author":"ADM de Brito","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Brito ADM, Hermsdorff HHM, Filgueiras MDS, et al. Predictive capacity of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index for insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(16):2783\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2020.1788501.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/APA.13789","volume":"106","author":"M Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Guerrero-Romero F. The triglyceride and glucose index is useful for recognising insulin resistance in children. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(6):979\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/APA.13789.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.6065\/APEM.2016.21.3.143","volume":"21","author":"JW Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim JW, Park SH, Kim Y, Im M, Han H-S. The cutoff values of indirect indices for measuring insulin resistance for metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;21(3):143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6065\/APEM.2016.21.3.143.","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"568_CR29","unstructured":"Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (2016\u20132018).; 2018. https:\/\/nhm.gov.in\/showfile.php?lid=712."},{"issue":"4","key":"568_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0034","volume":"6","author":"LE Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/met.2008.0034.","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"568_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175","volume":"101","author":"M Aguiar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aguiar M, Atapattu N, Bhatia V, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):394\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2175.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"568_CR32","unstructured":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015\u201316: India. Mumbai (India): IIPS; 2015\u201316."},{"key":"568_CR33","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 16","author":"StataCorp.","year":"2019","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC; 2019."},{"issue":"40","key":"568_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67605","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18754","volume":"8","author":"S Tao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tao S, Yuan Q, Mao L, Chen FL, Ji F, Cui ZH. Vitamin D deficiency causes insulin resistance by provoking oxidative stress in hepatocytes. Oncotarget. 2017;8(40):67605\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.18754.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"568_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12887-021-02803-Z","volume":"21","author":"A Mustafa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mustafa A, Shekhar C. Concentration levels of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D and vitamin D deficiency among children and adolescents of India: a descriptive cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12887-021-02803-Z.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"568_CR36","unstructured":"Harinarayan C V., Joshi SR. Vitamin D status in India - Its implications and remedial measures. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57(JAN.):40\u201348. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19753759\/. Accessed March 1, 2021."},{"issue":"6","key":"568_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-009-0020-3","volume":"48","author":"R Jorde","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Eur J Nutr. 2009;48(6):349\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-009-0020-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"568_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v33i1.3207","volume":"33","author":"TP Jayanthi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jayanthi TP, Suresh S, Padmanaban P. Primary health centres: Preferred option for birthing care in Tamilnadu, India, from users\u2019 perspectives. J Heal Popul Nutr. 2015;33(1):177\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/jhpn.v33i1.3207.","journal-title":"J Heal Popul Nutr"},{"key":"568_CR39","unstructured":"Kannan R. India is home to 77 million diabetics, second highest in the world - The Hindu. The Hindu. https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/health\/india-has-second-largest-number-of-people-with-diabetes\/article29975027.ece. Published 2019. Accessed June 7, 2021."},{"key":"568_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1463-1326.1999.0010S1001.X","volume":"1 Suppl 1","author":"LC Groop","year":"1999","unstructured":"Groop LC. Insulin resistance: the fundamental trigger of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 1999;1 Suppl 1:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1463-1326.1999.0010S1001.X.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"568_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/APS.2013.13","volume":"34","author":"MF Tao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tao MF, Zhang Z, Ke YH, et al. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function in a healthy Chinese female population. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2013;34(8):1070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/APS.2013.13.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"568_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao Y, Wu X, Fu Q, Li Y, Yang T, Tang W. The relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and insulin sensitivity and \u03b2 -cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/636891","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/636891"},{"key":"568_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCTE.2016.06.002","volume":"5","author":"JL Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson JL, Judd SE, Panwar B, et al. Associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with markers of inflammation, insulin resistance and obesity in black and white community-dwelling adults. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2016;5:21\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCTE.2016.06.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"568_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3739","DOI":"10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAB213","volume":"106","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Chu C, Doebis C, Von Baehr V, Hocher B. Sex-Dependent Association of Vitamin D With Insulin Resistance in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(9):E3739\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAB213.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"16","key":"568_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1136922","volume":"57","author":"B Altieri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Altieri B, Grant WB, Della Casa S, et al. Vitamin D and pancreas: The role of sunshine vitamin in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(16):3472\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2015.1136922.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"15","key":"568_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8882","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(17)39433-4","volume":"260","author":"RU Simpson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Simpson RU, Thomas GA, Arnold AJ. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and activities in muscle. J Biol Chem. 1985;260(15):8882\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9258(17)39433-4.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"568_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.03.060","volume":"349","author":"TW Dunlop","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dunlop TW, V\u00e4is\u00e4nen S, Frank C, et al. The human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b4 gene is a primary target of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its nuclear receptor. J Mol Biol. 2005;349(2):248\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.03.060.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"568_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.47.383","volume":"47","author":"B Maestro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maestro B, Campi\u00f3n J, D\u00e1vila N, Calle C. Stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of insulin receptor expression and insulin responsiveness for glucose transport in U-937 human promonocytic cells. Endocr J. 2000;47(4):383\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.47.383.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"568_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2016","volume":"96","author":"DG Nicholls","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nicholls DG. The pancreatic \u03b2-cell: A bioenergetic perspective. Physiol Rev. 2016;96(4):1385\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00009.2016.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"568_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.951","volume":"20","author":"B Maestro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maestro B, Molero S, Bajo S, D\u00e1vila N, Calle C. Transcriptional activation of the human insulin receptor gene by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cell Biochem Funct. 2002;20(3):227\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbf.951.","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"568_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maestro B, D\u00e1vila N, Carranza MC, Calle C. Identification of a Vitamin D response element in the human insulin receptor gene promoter. In: Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Vol 84. Elsevier Ltd; 2003:223-230 doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0960-0760(03)00032-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(03)00032-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"568_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298","volume":"92","author":"AG Pittas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. Review: The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2017\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2007-0298.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"568_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.330","volume":"53","author":"DC Wright","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wright DC, Hucker KA, Holloszy JO, Han DH. Ca2+ and AMPK Both Mediate Stimulation of Glucose Transport by Muscle Contractions. Diabetes. 2004;53(2):330\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.330.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"568_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2017.06.007","volume":"40","author":"S Hurrle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hurrle S, Hsu WH. The etiology of oxidative stress in insulin resistance. Biomed J. 2017;40(5):257\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2017.06.007.","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"568_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flores Ruelas Y, Del Toro Equihua M, Alejandra Jim\u00e9nez Sol\u00eds N, Baltazar Rodr\u00edguez LM, Delgado Enciso I, S\u00e1nchez Ram\u00edrez CA. Vitamin D status and its relation to insulin resistance in a Mexican pediatric population. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020;33(4):481-486 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/JPEM-2019-0510","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM-2019-0510"},{"issue":"12","key":"568_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122891","volume":"20","author":"S Wenclewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wenclewska S, Szymczak-Pajor I, Drzewoski J, Bunk M, \u015aliwi\u0144ska A. Vitamin d supplementation reduces both oxidative dna damage and insulin resistance in the elderly with metabolic disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(12):2891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20122891.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"568_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.3945\/JN.115.211763","volume":"145","author":"P Marques-Vidal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P, Guessous I, et al. Serum Vitamin D Concentrations Are Not Associated with Insulin Resistance in Swiss Adults. J Nutr. 2015;145(9):2117\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/JN.115.211763.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"568_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3945\/AJCN.113.069260","volume":"100","author":"MM Oosterwerff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oosterwerff MM, Eekhoff EMW, Van Schoor NM, et al. Effect of moderate-dose vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity in vitamin D-deficient non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(1):152\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/AJCN.113.069260.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"568_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CCA.2019.02.014","volume":"492","author":"Y Dhas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhas Y, Banerjee J, Damle G, Mishra N. Association of vitamin D deficiency with insulin resistance in middle-aged type 2 diabetics. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;492:95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CCA.2019.02.014.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"568_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16142","volume":"5","author":"M Jamka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jamka M, Wo\u017aniewicz M, Jeszka J, Mardas M, Bogda\u0144ski P, Stelmach-Mardas M. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese individuals: systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep16142.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"568_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105877","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSBMB.2021.105877","volume":"210","author":"S Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng S, Chu C, Doebis C, von Baehr V, Hocher B. Reference values for free 25-hydroxy-vitamin D based on established total 25-hydroxy-vitamin D reference values. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2021;210:105877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JSBMB.2021.105877.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00568-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00568-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00568-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T07:28:45Z","timestamp":1658734125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00568-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00568-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have not performed any kind of human experiment or blood sample collection for this study. This study utilizes secondary data of CNNS, 2016\u201318. According to CNNS official report, the ethical approvals to the survey were provided by the Population Council\u2019s International Review Board (New York, USA) and the ethics committee of the Post Graduate Institute of Medical and Research (Chandigarh, India) []. For children less than ten years old, written informed consent was taken from the parent\/caregiver. For adolescents less than 18\u00a0years old, the informed consent was taken from parents\/caregiver. Written informed consent was taken from adolescents\u2009>\u200917\u00a0years of age []. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None of the authors have any conflict of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}