{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:45:34Z","timestamp":1788349534821,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malnutrition and cachexia during pediatric cancer treatment worsen toxicity and quality-of-life. Clinical practice varies with lack of standard malnutrition definition and nutrition interventions. This scoping review highlights available malnutrition screening and intervention data in childhood cancer and the need for standardizing assessment and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ovid Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies containing malnutrition as the primary outcome with anthropometric, radiographic, or biochemical measurements. Secondary outcomes included validated nutritional assessment or screening tools. Two authors reviewed full manuscripts for inclusion. Narrative analysis was chosen over statistical analysis due to study heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search yielded 234 articles and 17 articles identified from reference searching. Nine met inclusion criteria with six nutritional intervention studies (examining appetite stimulants, nutrition supplementation, and proactive feeding tubes) and three nutritional screening studies (algorithms or nutrition support teams) each with variable measures and outcomes. Both laboratory evaluations (albumin, prealbumin, total protein) and body measurement (weight loss, mid-upper arm circumference) were used. Studies demonstrated improved weight, without difference between formula or appetite stimulant used. Screening studies yielded mixed results on preventing weight loss, weight gain, and survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our review demonstrated a paucity of evidence for malnutrition screening and intervention in pediatric cancer treatment. While a variety of malnutrition outcomes, interventions, and screening tools exist, nutritional interventions increased weight and decreased complications. Screening tools decreased malnutrition risk and may improve weight gain. Potential age- and disease-specific nutritional benefits and toxicities also exist, further highlighting the benefit of standardizing malnutrition definitions, screening, and interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-022-00643-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T04:05:54Z","timestamp":1671681954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Malnutrition screening and treatment in pediatric oncology: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9303-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Franke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel V.","family":"Runco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24409","volume":"60","author":"K Zimmermann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zimmermann K, Ammann RA, Kuehni CE, De Geest S, Cignacco E. Malnutrition in pediatric patients with cancer at diagnosis and throughout therapy: A multicenter cohort study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(4):642\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12102","volume":"72","author":"EL Prado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prado EL, Dewey KG. Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(4):267\u201384.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"643_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31802ba53c","volume":"86","author":"WJ Evans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evans WJ, Lambert CP. Physiological basis of fatigue. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86(1 Suppl):S29-46.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"643_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2011.12.003","volume":"83","author":"A Brinksma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brinksma A, Huizinga G, Sulkers E, Kamps W, Roodbol P, Tissing W. Malnutrition in childhood cancer patients: a review on its prevalence and possible causes. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012;83(2):249\u201375.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11833","volume":"100","author":"A Sala","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sala A, Pencharz P, Barr RD. Children, cancer, and nutrition\u2013A dynamic triangle in review. Cancer. 2004;100(4):677\u201387.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426505020004377","volume":"20","author":"EJ Ladas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ladas EJ, Sacks N, Meacham L, Henry D, Enriquez L, Lowry G, et al. A multidisciplinary review of nutrition considerations in the pediatric oncology population: A perspective from children\u2019s oncology group. Nutr Clin Pract\u202f: Off Publ Am Soc Parenter Enter Nutr. 2005;20(4):377\u201393.","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract : Off Publ Am Soc Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"issue":"21","key":"643_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00611","volume":"38","author":"EJ Roeland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roeland EJ, Bohlke K, Baracos VE, Bruera E, Del Fabbro E, Dixon S, et al. Management of Cancer Cachexia: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(21):2438\u201353.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"643_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2350-9","volume":"23","author":"EA Loeffen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loeffen EA, Brinksma A, Miedema KG, de Bock GH, Tissing WJ. Clinical implications of malnutrition in childhood cancer patients\u2013infections and mortality. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(1):143\u201350.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"643_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2674-0","volume":"23","author":"A Brinksma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brinksma A, Sanderman R, Roodbol PF, Sulkers E, Burgerhof JG, de Bont ES, et al. Malnutrition is associated with worse health-related quality of life in children with cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(10):3043\u201352.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"643_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runco DV, Stanek JR, Yeager ND, Belsky JA. Malnutrition identification and management variability: An administrative database study of children with solid tumors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(7):1559\u201367.","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2329"},{"issue":"3","key":"643_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607109333114","volume":"33","author":"NM Mehta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mehta NM, Compher C. A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines: nutrition support of the critically ill child. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(3):260\u201376.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"643_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607109341804","volume":"33","author":"DA August","year":"2009","unstructured":"August DA, Huhmann MB, American Society for P, Enteral Nutrition Board of D. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(5):472\u2013500.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"643_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21414","volume":"50","author":"PC Rogers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rogers PC, Melnick SJ, Ladas EJ, Halton J, Baillargeon J, Sacks N, et al. Children\u2019s Oncology Group (COG) Nutrition Committee. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(2 Suppl):447\u201350 (discussion 51).","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"643_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116661840","volume":"41","author":"M Sajeev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sajeev M, Cohen J, Wakefield CE, Fardell JE, Cohn RJ. Decision Aid for Nutrition Support in Pediatric Oncology: A Pilot Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(8):1336\u201347.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"643_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006","volume":"127","author":"M Sadeghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sadeghi M, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Baracos V, Arends J, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N. Cancer cachexia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018;127:91\u2013104.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"643_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533616671861","volume":"32","author":"S Bouma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouma S. Diagnosing Pediatric Malnutrition: Paradigm Shifts of Etiology-Related Definitions and Appraisal of the Indicators. Nutr Clin Pract\u202f: Off Publ Am Soc Parenter Enter Nutr. 2017;32(1):52\u201367.","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract : Off Publ Am Soc Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"643_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1100356","volume":"12","author":"DJ Klionsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klionsky DJ, Abdelmohsen K, Abe A, Abedin MJ, Abeliovich H, Acevedo Arozena A, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). Autophagy. 2016;12(1):1\u2013222.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"6","key":"643_CR18","first-page":"415","volume":"32","author":"IE Ilhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ilhan IE, Sari N, Yesil S, Eren T, Tacyildiz N. Anthropometric and Biochemical Assessment of Nutritional Status in Pediatric Cancer Patients. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;32(6):415\u201322.","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"54","key":"643_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgz025","volume":"2019","author":"DV Runco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Runco DV, Yoon L, Grooss SA, Wong CK. Nutrition & Exercise Interventions in Pediatric Patients with Brain Tumors: A Narrative Review. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2019;2019(54):163\u20138.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"issue":"54","key":"643_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgz018","volume":"2019","author":"L Joffe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joffe L, Schadler KL, Shen W, Ladas EJ. Body Composition in Pediatric Solid Tumors: State of the Science and Future Directions. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2019;2019(54):144\u20138.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"643_CR21","first-page":"144","volume":"27","author":"R Liang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liang R, Chen GY, Fu SX, Zhong J, Ma Y. Benefit of oral nutritional supplements for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia during remission-induction chemotherapy: a quasi-experimental study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27(1):144\u20137.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"643_CR22","first-page":"423","volume":"32","author":"D GurlekGokcebay","year":"2015","unstructured":"GurlekGokcebay D, Emir S, Bayhan T, Demir HA, Gunduz M, Tunc B. Assessment of Nutritional Status in Children With Cancer and Effectiveness of Oral Nutritional Supplements. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;32(6):423\u201332.","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24828","volume":"61","author":"GD Cuvelier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuvelier GD, Baker TJ, Peddie EF, Casey LM, Lambert PJ, Distefano DS, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of megestrol acetate as an appetite stimulant in children with weight loss due to cancer and\/or cancer therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(4):672\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"643_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24759","volume":"61","author":"N Sacks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sacks N, Hwang WT, Lange BJ, Tan KS, Sandler ES, Rogers PC, et al. Proactive enteral tube feeding in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(2):281\u20135.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"643_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181864a5e","volume":"30","author":"M Couluris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Couluris M, Mayer JL, Freyer DR, Sandler E, Xu P, Krischer JP. The effect of cyproheptadine hydrochloride (periactin) and megestrol acetate (megace) on weight in children with cancer\/treatment-related cachexia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008;30(11):791\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"643_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29197","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29197","volume":"68","author":"M Prasad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prasad M, Tandon S, Gala R, Kannan S, Chinnaswamy G, Narula G, et al. Efficacy of ready-to-use therapeutic food in malnourished children with cancer: Results of a randomized, open-label phase 3 trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(9):e29197.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"643_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo N, Czuppon K, Tomsits E, Garami M, Hauser P, Jakab Z, et al. The Effect of Nutritional Support on the Disease Progression and Survival in Pediatric Patients with Solid Tumors. Nutr Cancer. 2022;74(1):184\u201392.","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1869275"},{"key":"643_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han WM, Koo JY, Lim YY, Iyer P, Ong C, Tong JW, et al. Implementation of a nutrition screening tool to improve nutritional status of children with cancer in Singapore's largest paediatric hospital. BMJ Open Qual. 2021;10(1).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2020-000944"},{"issue":"12","key":"643_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27980","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27980","volume":"66","author":"S Totadri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Totadri S, Trehan A, Mahajan D, Viani K, Barr R, Ladas EJ. Validation of an algorithmic nutritional approach in children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(12):e27980.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"643_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11598","volume":"98","author":"J Bakish","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bakish J, Hargrave D, Tariq N, Laperriere N, Rutka JT, Bouffet E. Evaluation of dietetic intervention in children with medulloblastoma or supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer. 2003;98(5):1014\u201320.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26358","volume":"118","author":"AA Gupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta AA, Anderson JR, Pappo AS, Spunt SL, Dasgupta R, Indelicato DJ, et al. Patterns of chemotherapy-induced toxicities in younger children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee. Cancer. 2012;118(4):1130\u20137.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"643_CR32","unstructured":"Runco D, Wasilewski-Masker K, McCracken CE, Mazewski CM, Patterson BC, Mertens AC. Impact of tumor type and treatment intensity on weight-for-age through cancer therapy in children less than 3 years old. Poster session presented at: 2018 American Society of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology (ASPHO) Conference.\u00a0Pittsburgh;\u00a02018."},{"key":"643_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.05.005","volume":"38","author":"DV Runco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Runco DV, Wasilewski-Masker K, McCracken CE, Wetzel M, Mazewski CM, Patterson BC, et al. Normalized measures and patient characteristics to identify undernutrition in infants and young children treated for cancer. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;38:185\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"5","key":"643_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.017","volume":"36","author":"J Arends","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arends J, Baracos V, Bertz H, Bozzetti F, Calder PC, Deutz NEP, et al. ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(5):1187\u201396.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"643_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24426","volume":"60","author":"L Sung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sung L, Zaoutis T, Ullrich NJ, Johnston D, Dupuis L, Ladas E. Children\u2019s Oncology Group\u2019s 2013 blueprint for research: Cancer control and supportive care. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(6):1027\u201330.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"643_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12336","volume":"74","author":"J Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen J, Wakefield CE, Tapsell LC, Walton K, Cohn RJ. Parent, patient and health professional perspectives regarding enteral nutrition in paediatric oncology. Nutr Diet: J Diet Assoc Aust. 2017;74(5):476\u201387.","journal-title":"Nutr Diet: J Diet Assoc Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"643_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0b013e3182a0e221","volume":"36","author":"H Yildirim Sari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yildirim Sari H, Yilmaz M, Ozsoy S, Kantar M, Cetingul N. Experiences of parents with the physical care needs at home of children with cancer: A qualitative study. Cancer Nurs. 2013;36(5):385\u201393.","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"},{"issue":"11","key":"643_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2016.016832","volume":"12","author":"AR Bruggeman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruggeman AR, Kamal AH, LeBlanc TW, Ma JD, Baracos VE, Roeland EJ. Cancer Cachexia: Beyond Weight Loss. J Oncol Pract. 2016;12(11):1163\u201371.","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"643_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runco DV, Zimmers TA, Bonetto A. The urgent need to improve childhood cancer cachexia. Trends Cancer. 2022;8(12):976\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.07.005"}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00643-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00643-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00643-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T04:09:45Z","timestamp":1671682185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00643-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-022-00643-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"150"}}