{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:07:13Z","timestamp":1791886033109,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Breakfast is the first meal of the day which is very important in student\u2019s health. The present study was undertaken to explore the role of breakfast skipping in altering the serum lipids of university students. In this case-control study, university students from various disciplines at Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan were selected from January 2021 to August 2023 after obtaining written informed consent.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Four hundred fifty university students (450) were selected, among them, 158 were Breakfast Skippers (BS) and 292 were breakfast non-skippers (BNS). Of the total, 256 were males and 194 were females with age range of 18\u201325 years. All participants were enquired about their soci-demographic characteristics and the intake of breakfast during last 3 months. Blood samples were also collected for the serum lipids analysis on auto analyzer ADVIA 1800\u00a0S. p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was kept as level of significant at 95% confidence interval.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found 292 (60.9%) BNS and 158 (39.1%) BS university students out of 450 university students. Of these, 49.3% were males and 50.7% were female students. Most of the BS (56.9%) had normal weight and 22\u201323 were the peak age group of breakfast skippers. We found significant variation among age groups for triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in BS. The total cholesterol (TC), TG, LDL-C, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and total lipids (TL) were significantly increased in the BS in comparison to BNS. Increased levels of TG, VLDL-C and TL were detected in male BS compared to male BNS, whereas, reverse was true for HDL-C. the significant higher levels ofTC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TL were found in female BS in comparison to BNS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In conclusion, the significantly highest concentrations of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TL are found in the BS compared to BNS. We are fully aware of the fact that the university student\u2019s age group is not involved in lipids related diseases, because the lipid related diseases are the signature diseases of elderly population. Hence, if university students don\u2019t have any other medical condition directly or indirectly involved in affecting serum lipids, then the breakfast skipping may be responsible for altering the serum lipids of university students.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-024-00970-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:10:22Z","timestamp":1741356622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Does breakfast skipping alter the serum lipids of university students?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shazia Parveen","family":"Solangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naseem Aslam","family":"Channa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna Yasin","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Haneef","family":"Mugheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeba Hussain","family":"Soomro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubna","family":"Noorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"970_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza MR, Neves MEA, de Moura Souza A, Muraro AP, Pereira RA, Ferreira MG, et al. Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents\u2013ERICA. British journal of nutrition. 2021;126(2):276\u2009\u2212\u200984.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520003992"},{"key":"970_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HM, Kang HJ, Lee DH, Jeong SM, Joh HK. Association between breakfast frequency and metabolic syndrome among young adults in South Korea. Sci Rep. 2023; 6:13(1):16826.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43957-3"},{"key":"970_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alotaibi MI, Elsamad G, Aljardahi AN, Alghamdi AN, Alotaibi AI, Alorabi HM, et al. Changes in dietary and lifestyle behaviors and mental stress among medical students upon Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting: a prospective cohort study from Taif\/Saudi Arabia. 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Skipping Breakfast Is Associated with Hypertension in Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Int J Hypertens. 2022; 3:7245223.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7245223"},{"key":"970_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Y, Rong S, Liu B, et al. Meal Skipping and Shorter Meal Intervals Are Associated with Increased Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality among US Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(3):417\u2013426.e3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2022.08.119"},{"key":"970_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardeshirlarijani E, Namazi N, Jabbari M, Zeinali M, Gerami H, Jalili RB, et al. The link between breakfast skipping and overweigh\/obesity in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2019;18:657\u2009\u2212\u200964.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-019-00446-7"},{"key":"970_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen H, Zhang B, Ge Y, Shi H, Song S, Xue W, et al. Association between skipping breakfast and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: A meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. 2020;39(10):2982-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.02.004"},{"key":"970_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Z-h, Xu L, Dai R, Li L-j, Wang H-j. Effects of regular breakfast habits on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2021;100(44).","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027629"},{"key":"970_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teong XT, Liu K, Vincent AD, Bensalem J, Liu B, Hattersley KJ, Zhao L, Feinle-Bisset C, Sargeant TJ, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK. Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. 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Skipping breakfast is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile in overweight and obese prepubertal children. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2020; 10:1849274.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1849274"},{"key":"970_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekimoto T, Koba S, Mori H, Sakai R, Arai T, Yokota Y, et al. Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a residual risk for rapid progression of non-culprit coronary lesion in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 2021;28(11):1161-74.","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.60152"},{"key":"970_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widaman AM, Witbracht MG, Forester SM, Laugero KD, Keim NL. Chronic stress is associated with indicators of diet quality in habitual breakfast skippers. 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Association between breakfast intake with anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and food consumption behaviors among Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. Public Health. 2015; 129( 6): 740\u2013747,","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.03.019"},{"key":"970_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwiterovich PO Jr. The metabolic pathways of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides: a current review. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(12A):5L-10L.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)01461-2"},{"key":"970_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heo J, Choi WJ, Ham S, Kang SK, Lee W. Association between breakfast skipping and metabolic outcomes by sex, age, and work status stratification. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2021;18(1):8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00526-z"},{"key":"970_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafiee G, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Motlagh ME, Taheri M, Ardalan G, et al. Association of breakfast intake with cardiometabolic risk factors. Jornal de pediatria. 2013; 89 (6): 575\u2009\u2212\u200982.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.03.020"},{"key":"970_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai FH, Niazi A, Maqsud M, Rai AF, Niazi A. Skipping Breakfast and Its Associated Factors Among Undergraduate Students: Skipping Breakfast and its Associated Factors. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences. 2023:116\u2009\u2212\u200922.","DOI":"10.54393\/pjhs.v4i05.637"},{"key":"970_CR31","unstructured":"Thompson-McCormick JJ, Thomas JJ, Bainivualiku A, Khan AN, Becker AE. Breakfast skipping as a risk correlate of overweight and obesity in school-going ethnic Fijian adolescent girls. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;19(3):372\u2009\u2212\u200980"}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-024-00970-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-024-00970-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-024-00970-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:10:33Z","timestamp":1741356633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40795-024-00970-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-024-00970-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Ethical Committee of University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan via letter no. IOB\/182\/2021, Dated 17\/01\/2021, approved the study before conducting the research on university students (followed standard 15 of Helsinki declaration). After explaining the study purpose and procedure, a written informed consent was obtained from each student, which was also approved by the same committee. The research was conducted with full transparency and every possible safety measure was taken to protect all participants from potential harms or contaminations (followed standard 4 of Helsinki declaration). The privacy and confidentiality of the study respondents (followed standard 11 of Helsinki declaration). The blood samples of all participants were collected under the supervision of a competent and appropriately qualified physician or other licensed health care professional, wherever applicable (followed standard 16 of Helsinki declaration). Although, the present study is not a randomized controlled trial, hence, the human ethics are not applicable to that extent. Only data on skipping breakfast and blood samples were collected without any personal information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}