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This study examined differences in Canadian youth\u2019s exposure to digital food marketing by race\/ethnicity and household income adequacy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Frequency of food marketing exposure via digital platforms and digital food marketing techniques were self-reported by 996 youth in Canada aged 10\u201317 years. Proportional odds and logistic regression models explored differences between racial\/ethnic (White vs. racial\/ethnic minority) and income adequacy groups (low vs. medium vs. high), adjusted for sociodemographic and digital device usage variables.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>White participants had lower odds of more frequent exposure to digital marketing of sugary drinks (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.52\u20130.94), sugary cereals (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.42\u20130.76), fruits\/vegetables (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.45\u20130.87), salty\/savoury snacks (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47\u20130.85), fast food (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55\u20130.99), and desserts\/sweets (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50\u20130.91) than racial\/ethnic minority youth. Compared to youth from low income adequacy households, those with medium income adequacy were less likely to report more frequent exposure to marketing of sugary drinks (OR: 0.67; 95 CI: 0.51\u20130.89), fast food (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.50\u20130.87), and desserts\/sweets (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49\u20130.87). White youth were less likely than racial\/ethnic minority youth to report exposure to unhealthy food marketing on \u2265\u20091 social media platform(s) (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.30\u20130.68) and gaming\/TV\/music streaming platform\/website(s) (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51\u20130.99); no differences were observed between income groups. White youth were less likely than racial\/ethnic minority youth to report exposure to marketing featuring incentives\/premiums (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.52\u20130.99) and cross-promotions (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51\u20130.99). Participants of higher (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49\u20130.95) and medium (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50\u20130.93) income adequacy were less likely to report exposure to marketing featuring celebrities than those with low income adequacy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Youth of racial\/ethnic minorities report more frequent exposure to digital food marketing, especially for unhealthy foods, than White youth in Canada. Differences were also observed between income groups. Comprehensive marketing regulations are needed to limit all youths\u2019 exposure to unhealthy digital food marketing.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01148-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T07:23:38Z","timestamp":1754897018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Youth exposure to unhealthy digital food marketing in relation to race\/ethnicity and income adequacy in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Vergeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Pauz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Amson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana Lee","family":"Olstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Potvin Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10184","key":"1148_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","volume":"393","author":"Globan Burden of Disease Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"Globan Burden of Disease Collaborators. 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The University of Ottawa Research Ethics Board follows the guidelines outlined in the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS 2), and respects the guidelines of national professional associations and requires compliance with all federal and provincial legislation concerning the protection of individuals and human rights. This research adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed parental consent and youth assent were obtained for all participants prior to completing the survey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"EP has received an honorarium from the Stop Marketing to Kids Coalition (2018) and Heart & Stroke (2023) for doing policy and advocacy work related to food marketing to children. She was also recently (2023-24) employed by Heart & Stroke on a part-time basis. This work and compensation are not related to the current research. All remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"163"}}