{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:18:29Z","timestamp":1767935909655,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01236-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T07:23:53Z","timestamp":1767684233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Constructing the early enteral nutrition management protocol for severely burned adult patients: a Delphi study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaocui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2012.11.014","volume":"39","author":"L Orwelius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Orwelius L, Willebrand M, Gerdin B, Ekselius L, Fredrikson M, Sj\u00f6berg F. Long term health-related quality of life after burns is strongly dependent on pre-existing disease and psychosocial issues and less due to the burn itself. Burns. 2013;39(2):229\u201335.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"12","key":"1236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12572","volume":"8","author":"C Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang C, Dou Z, Qin F, Chen H, Shen Y, Zhang GA. Epidemiology and risk prediction of patients with severe burns admitted to a burn intensive care unit in a burn center in Beijing: a 5-year retrospective study. Heliyon. 2022;8(12):e12572.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"5","key":"1236_CR3","first-page":"417","volume":"16","author":"XF Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin XF, Zhao YH. Epidemiological analysis of hospitalized patients with extensive severe burns. Chin J Injury Repair Rehabilitation (Electronic Edition). 2021;16(5):417\u201326.","journal-title":"Chin J Injury Repair Rehabilitation (Electronic Edition)"},{"key":"1236_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.912821","volume":"25","author":"WQ Duan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duan WQ, Xu XW, Cen Y, Xiao HT, Liu XX, Liu Y. Epidemiologic investigation of burn patients in Sichuan Province, China. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:872\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"02","key":"1236_CR5","first-page":"199","volume":"21","author":"L Yang Xiaojuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Xiaojuan L. Research progress on early enteral nutrition support in patients with severe burns. Clin J Practical Hosp. 2024;21(02):199\u2013202.","journal-title":"Clin J Practical Hosp"},{"issue":"5","key":"1236_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2017.07.007","volume":"42","author":"E Moreira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moreira E, Burghi G, Manzanares W. Update on metabolism and nutrition therapy in critically ill burn patients. Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). 2018;42(5):306\u201316.","journal-title":"Med Intensiva (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"1236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkad007","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad007","volume":"11","author":"T Osborne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osborne T, Wall B, Edgar DW, Fairchild T, Wood F. Current understanding of the chronic stress response to burn injury from human studies. Burns Trauma. 2023;11:tkad007.","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"1236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2019.07.028","volume":"46","author":"MCBT Lopes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopes MCBT, de Aguiar J\u00fanior W, Whitaker IY. The association between burn and trauma severity and in-hospital complications. Burns. 2020;46(1):83\u20139.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"4","key":"1236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.02.012","volume":"32","author":"AF Rousseau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rousseau AF, Losser MR, Ichai C, Berger MM. ESPEN endorsed recommendations: nutritional therapy in major burns. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(4):497\u2013502.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"1236_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003445","volume":"46","author":"H Pu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pu H, Doig GS, Heighes PT, Allingstrup MJ. Early enteral nutrition reduces mortality and improves other key outcomes in patients with major burn injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(12):2036\u201342.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1236_CR11","unstructured":"Overview of nutritional support for burn patients. http:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/zh-Hans\/overview-of-nutrition-support-in-burn-patients. Accessed 15 Oct 2024."},{"issue":"4","key":"1236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3390\/ebj4040035","volume":"4","author":"BA Shields","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shields BA, Nakakura AM. Nutrition considerations for burn patients: optimizing recovery and healing. Eur Burn J. 2023;4(4):537\u201347.","journal-title":"Eur Burn J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1236_CR13","first-page":"874","volume":"39","author":"MJ Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li MJ, Chen HL, Ju YY, et al. Cross-sectional survey and influencing factors analysis of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of enteral nutrition implemented by nurses in burn intensive care units. Chin J Burns Wound Repair. 2023;39(9):874\u201381.","journal-title":"Chin J Burns Wound Repair"},{"issue":"9","key":"1236_CR14","first-page":"801","volume":"40","author":"Chinese Medical Association Burns Surgery Branch; China International Medical Care and Health Promotion Association Burns Medicine Branch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chinese Medical Association Burns Surgery Branch; China International Medical Care and Health Promotion Association Burns Medicine Branch. Expert consensus on enteral nutrition care for adult severely burned patients (2024 edition). Chin J Burns Wound Repair. 2024;40(9):801\u201311.","journal-title":"Chin J Burns Wound Repair"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2007.09.013","volume":"21","author":"MM Berger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berger MM, Shenkin A. Trace element requirements in critically ill burned patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2007;21(Suppl 1):44\u20138.","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1236_CR16","first-page":"1107","volume":"40","author":"PH Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang PH, Zhang YK, Liang PF. Clinical practice and model discussion of critical burn care in a burn department-led comprehensive intensive care unit. Chin J Burns Wound Repair. 2024;40(12):1107\u201313.","journal-title":"Chin J Burns Wound Repair"},{"issue":"7","key":"1236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2326","volume":"46","author":"MS Mundi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mundi MS, Mechanick JI, Mohamed Elfadil O, Patel JJ, Bonnes SL, Blackmer AB, et al. Optimizing the nutrition support care model: analysis of survey data. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(7):1709\u201324.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"1236_CR18","unstructured":"Healthy China 2030 Planning Outline. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/2016-10\/25\/content_5124174.htm."},{"key":"1236_CR19","unstructured":"Action plan for further improving nursing services. (2023\u20132025). https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/202306\/content_6887303.htm. Accessed 15 Oct 2024."},{"key":"1236_CR20","unstructured":"Further Promoting Clinical Nutrition Work. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/202409\/content_6975727.htm. Accessed 15 Oct 2024."},{"key":"1236_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.12.009","volume":"95","author":"W Hoffmann-E\u00dfer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoffmann-E\u00dfer W, Siering U, Neugebauer EAM, Lampert U, Eikermann M. Systematic review of current guideline appraisals performed with the appraisal of guidelines for research & evaluation II instrument-a third of AGREE II users apply a cut-off for guideline quality. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;95:120\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12141","volume":"8","author":"X Zeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeng X, Zhang Y, Kwong JS, Zhang C, Li S, Sun F, et al. The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review. J Evid Based Med. 2015;8(1):2\u201310.","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjon.2024.100386","volume":"11","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Tian L, Liu J, Jiang H, Wang P. Evidence summary on managing radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs. 2024;11(3):100386.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"1236_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.10.011","volume":"106","author":"S Humphrey-Murto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Humphrey-Murto S, de Wit M. The Delphi method-more research please. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;106:136\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2019.07.002","volume":"147","author":"I Belton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Belton I, Macdonald A, Wright G, et al. Improving the practical application of the Delphi method in group-based judgment: a six-step prescription for a well-founded and defensible process. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2019;147:72\u201382.","journal-title":"Technol Forecast Soc Change"},{"key":"1236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105716","volume":"121","author":"F Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan F, Yang L, Zhou N, He Y. Construction of learning objectives and content for newly graduated nurses in tertiary teaching hospitals: a Delphi study. Nurse Educ Today. 2023;121:105716.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"1236_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103654","volume":"70","author":"X Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan X, Ning N, Hua N, Wiley J, Sun M. Determining the core competencies for international postgraduate nursing students in internship programs: a delphi study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2023;70:103654.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"1236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000297","volume":"67","author":"S McPherson","year":"2018","unstructured":"McPherson S, Reese C, Wendler MC. Methodology update: Delphi studies. Nurs Res. 2018;67(5):404\u201310.","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1236_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12748","volume":"21","author":"M Whalen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Whalen M, Bissett K, Ascenzi J, Budhathoki C. Reporting guidelines for evidence-based practice projects: a Delphi study and publication checklist. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2024;21(6):634\u201343.","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1236_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12570","volume":"26","author":"T Collins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Collins T, Plowright C, Gibson V, Stayt L, Clarke S, Caisley J, et al. British Association of Critical Care Nurses: evidence-based consensus paper for oral care within adult critical care units. Nurs Crit Care. 2021;26(4):224\u201333.","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"1236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519000217","volume":"121","author":"F Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo F, Zhou H, Wu J, Huang Y, Lv G, Wu Y, et al. A prospective observation on nutrition support in adult patients with severe burns. Br J Nutr. 2019;121(9):974\u201381.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12475","volume":"25","author":"EA Jordan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jordan EA, Moore SC. Enteral nutrition in critically ill adults: literature review of protocols. Nurs Crit Care. 2020;25(1):24\u201330.","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1236_CR33","first-page":"27","volume":"26","author":"SH Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim SH, Park CM, Seo JM, Choi M, Lee DS, Chang DK, et al. The impact of implementation of an enteral feeding protocol on the improvement of enteral nutrition in critically ill adults. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(1):27\u201335.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1236_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13841","volume":"30","author":"A Hajizadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hajizadeh A, Bahreini R, Kakemam E, Zamanzadeh V, Hamidi H, Khodayari-Zarnaq R. Developing a framework for the participation of nursing managers in the health policy-making process in Iran: a Delphi study. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(8):4330\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"1236_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Guidelines for the Construction and Management of Clinical Nutrition Departments(Trial). https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2022-03\/27\/content_5681748.htm. Accessed 15 Oct 2024.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1744330"},{"issue":"9","key":"1236_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.07.011","volume":"42","author":"P Singer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(9):1671\u201389.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-025-01236-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-025-01236-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-025-01236-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T03:33:15Z","timestamp":1767929595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40795-025-01236-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-025-01236-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Approval No. 2024-2). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5"}}