{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T09:08:48Z","timestamp":1779700128396,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly recognised as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases, including hypertension. However, evidence on their relationship remains inconsistent, particularly in middle and low-income countries like Nepal. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among hypertensive and normotensive adults, and identify the demographic, anthropometric and clinical risk factors among hypertensive adults attending a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 108 adults (54 hypertensive and 54 normotensive) at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital from September 2024 to March 2025. Data on sociodemographic factors, anthropometric variables and clinical parameters were collected. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA), and was categorised as sufficient (\u2265\u200930\u00a0ng\/ml), insufficient (20\u201329\u00a0ng\/ml) and deficient (&lt;\u200920\u00a0ng\/ml). Blood pressure was classified according to the 7th Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Group comparisons were performed using the Chi-Square test, and significant variables were subjected to multiple logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 42.6% were vitamin D deficient. Although deficiency was more prevalent in hypertensive than normotensive, the association was only borderline significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05) and did not remain significant after post-hoc correction. In multiple logistic regression, abdominal obesity (AOR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2\u20136.7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019), dyslipidemia (AOR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2\u20137.2;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024) and having a family history of hypertension (AOR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1\u20136.8;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028) were independently associated with increased odds of hypertension. The overall model explained 24% of variance in hypertensive status (Nagelkerke R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.24).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and family history were significant predictors of hypertension in this cohort, while vitamin D deficiency showed a non-significant association with hypertension. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency highlights the need for increased public health awareness and preventive healthcare strategies. Larger population-based studies are needed to understand the role of vitamin D in the prevention and control of hypertension in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-026-01247-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:46:57Z","timestamp":1768204017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors among hypertensive and normotensive adults: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ojaswee","family":"Sherchand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabin","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna Chandra","family":"Devkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Kunwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1247_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hypertension [Fact sheet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2023, March 16 [cited 2025 Aug 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hypertension"},{"issue":"7","key":"1247_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253605","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253605","volume":"16","author":"B Bista","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bista B, Dhimal M, Bhattarai S, Neupane T, Xu YY, Pandey AR, et al. Prevalence of non-communicable diseases risk factors and their determinants: Results from STEPS survey 2019. Nepal PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253605 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Nepal. PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"1247_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.07.002","volume":"51","author":"J Bludorn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bludorn J, Railey K. Hypertension guidelines and interventions. Prim Care. 2024;51(1):41\u201352 (Article).","journal-title":"Prim Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"1247_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215219","volume":"110","author":"YC Li","year":"2002","unstructured":"Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(2):229\u201338 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"1247_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03798.x","volume":"73","author":"MK Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim MK, Il Kang M, Won OhK, Kwon HS, Lee JH, Lee WC, et al. The association of serum vitamin D level with presence of metabolic syndrome and hypertension in middle-aged Korean subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;73(3):330\u20138 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"6","key":"1247_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_236_19","volume":"8","author":"RMJ Vatakencherry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vatakencherry RMJ, Saraswathy L. Association between vitamin D and hypertension in people coming for health check up to a tertiary care centre in South India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(6):2061\u20137 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care."},{"issue":"3","key":"1247_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13064","volume":"74","author":"EJ Laird","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laird EJ, McNicholas T, O\u2019Halloran AM, Healy M, Molloy AM, Carey D, et al. Vitamin D status is not associated with orthostatic hypotension in older adults. Hypertension. 2019;74(3):639\u201344 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"1247_CR8","first-page":"1063163","volume":"2022","author":"O Sherchand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherchand O, Baranwal JK, Gelal B. Epidemiology and determinants of vitamin D Deficiency in Eastern Nepal: A Community-Based. Cross-Sectional Study Int J Endocrinol. 2022;2022:1063163 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Endocrinol."},{"key":"1247_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-52. Article PubMed","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2"},{"issue":"3","key":"1247_CR10","first-page":"168","volume":"7","author":"R Akbari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akbari R, Adelani B, Ghadimi R. Serum vitamin D in hypertensive patients versus healthy controls is there an association? Caspian J Intern Med. 2016;7(3):168\u201372 (Article Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"1247_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","volume":"35","author":"CL Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381\u201395 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"1247_CR12","unstructured":"The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Sydney. Health Communications Australia. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific 2000; p21 Article"},{"key":"1247_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8354861","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8354861","volume":"2018","author":"O Sherchand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sherchand O, Sapkota N, Chaudhari RK, Khan SA, Baranwal JK, Niraula A, et al. Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Depression among the Working Population of Nepal. Psychiatry J. 2018;2018:8354861 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Psychiatry J."},{"key":"1247_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105737","volume":"203","author":"D Dhawan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhawan D, Sharma S. Abdominal Obesity, Adipokines and Non-communicable Diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;203:105737 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"1247_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-97. Article PubMed","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486"},{"issue":"3","key":"1247_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266\u201381 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1247_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246085","volume":"16","author":"M Riaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riaz M, Shah G, Asif M, Shah A, Adhikari K, Abu-Shaheen A. Factors associated with hypertension in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0246085 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"1247_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486139","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5486139","volume":"2023","author":"J Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu J, Wang Q, Qiu W, Lin F, Wu C, Hao M, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among residents Aged \u226518 years in Ganzhou, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Hypertens. 2023;2023:5486139 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens."},{"issue":"11","key":"1247_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.172","volume":"23","author":"TA Kotchen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kotchen TA. Obesity-related hypertension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(11):1170\u20138 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens."},{"issue":"1","key":"1247_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280672","volume":"18","author":"N Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali N, Samadder M, Kathak RR, Islam F. Prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia in Bangladeshi adults. PLoS One. 2023;18(1):e0280672 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"1247_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70034","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.70034","volume":"27","author":"RD Gupta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gupta RD, Haider MR, Roy S, Hashan MR, Baral A, Tamanna N, et al. Association between abdominal obesity, body mass index, and hypertension in India: evidence from a large nationally representative data. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2025;27(3):e70034 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)."},{"key":"1247_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1927-7","volume":"15","author":"P Ranasinghe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ranasinghe P, Cooray DN, Jayawardena R, Katulanda P. The influence of family history of hypertension on disease prevalence and associated metabolic risk factors among Sri Lankan adults. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:576 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"1247_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2010.00408.x","volume":"13","author":"SK Bhandari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhandari SK, Pashayan S, Liu IL, Rasgon SA, Kujubu DA, Tom TY, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and hypertension rates. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13(3):170\u20137 (Article PubMed).","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-026-01348-7","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000}}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01247-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01247-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01247-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:56:04Z","timestamp":1779699364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01247-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01247-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7259772\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original article was revised: the author\u2019s name Krishna Chandra Devkota was incorrectly written as Chandra Krishna Devkota.","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":9,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":10,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01348-7","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01348-7","order":12,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}