{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T08:14:53Z","timestamp":1770452093519,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-026-01248-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T08:05:50Z","timestamp":1768032350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of vitamin A supplementation and the role of infections and inflammation on vitamin A status in children aged 36\u201359 months in rural Burkina Faso: results of a community-based pre-post intervention study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Olivier O.","family":"Sombi\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augustin N.","family":"Zeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9rome W.","family":"Som\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adama","family":"Kazienga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Granh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefaan","family":"De Henauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherry A.","family":"Tanumihardjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Souheila","family":"Abbeddou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dawson MI. The importance of vitamin A in nutrition. Curr Pharm Des. 2000;6(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1381612003401190.","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612003401190"},{"key":"1248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bates CJ, Vitamin A. Lancet. 1995;345(8941). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(95)91157-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(95)91157-x"},{"key":"1248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer A, West KP. Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival, and vision. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. 438 p.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195088243.001.0001"},{"key":"1248_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. Serum retinol concentrations for determining the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations: World Health Organization. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/85859\/WHO_NMH_NHD_MNM_11.3_eng.pdf?sequence=4"},{"key":"1248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Haykal MR, Regan A, Sidhu J, Smith A, et al. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;3(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008524.pub4.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008524.pub4"},{"key":"1248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soares MM, Silva MA, Garcia PPC, Silva LSD, Costa GDD, Ara\u00fajo RMA, et al. Efect of vitamin A suplementation: a systematic review. Cien Saude Colet. 2019;24(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1413-81232018243.07112017.","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232018243.07112017"},{"key":"1248_CR7","unstructured":"WHO. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995\u20132005: WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009."},{"key":"1248_CR8","unstructured":"Administrative Committee on Coordination \u2013 Subcommittee on Nutrition. Controlling vitamin A deficiency. 1994. In: Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No 14. Geneva, Switzerland. 81 p. Available from: https:\/\/books.google.at\/books?id=HusJAQAAMAAJ."},{"key":"1248_CR9","unstructured":"WHO, Guideline. Vitamin A supplementation in infants and children 6\u201359 months of age. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/af8ab64a-7d09-4789-af43-60ccd68a548d\/content."},{"key":"1248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mason J, Greiner T, Shrimpton R, Sanders D, Yukich J. Vitamin A policies need rethinking. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyu194.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu194"},{"key":"1248_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murray JS, White J. Vitamin A supplementation in infants and children. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2016;21(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jspn.12156.","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12156"},{"key":"1248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmer AC, West KP Jr., Dalmiya N, Schultink W. The use and interpretation of serum retinol distributions in evaluating the public health impact of vitamin A programmes. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980012000560.","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980012000560"},{"key":"1248_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mason JB, Ramirez MA, Fernandez CM, Pedro R, Lloren T, Saldanha L, et al. Effects on vitamin A deficiency in children of periodic high-dose supplements and of fortified oil promotion in a deficient area of the Philippines. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2011;81(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000077.","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000077"},{"key":"1248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pedro MR, Madriaga JR, Barba CV, Habito RC, Gana AE, Deitchler M, et al. The National vitamin A supplementation program and subclinical vitamin A deficiency among preschool children in the Philippines. Food Nutr Bull. 2004;25(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/156482650402500401.","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650402500401"},{"key":"1248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pickens CM, Flores-Ayala R, Ford ND, Whitehead RD, Tanumihardjo SA, Ngalombi S, et al. Relation between timing of High-Dose vitamin A supplementation and Modified-Relative-Dose-Response values in children 12\u201323 months in Uganda. J Nutr. 2021;151(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxaa424.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa424"},{"key":"1248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stephensen CB. Vitamin A, infection, and immune function. Annu Rev Nutr. 2001;21(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.167.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.167"},{"key":"1248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sombi\u00e9 OO, Zeba AN, Som\u00e9 JW, Kazienga A, Bationo JF, Davis C, et al. Association between vitamin A status, inflammation, and infections in children 36\u201359 months of age in rural Burkina faso: A cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2025;44(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41043-025-00840-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-00840-3"},{"key":"1248_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sombi\u00e9 OO, Zeba AN, Som\u00e9 JW, Kazienga A, Grahn M, Tanumihardjo SA, et al. A comparative study on indicators of vitamin A status and risk factors for sensitivity and specificity of the methods to detect vitamin A deficiency. Nutr Metab. 2023;20(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12986-023-00768-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-023-00768-7"},{"key":"1248_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sombi\u00e9 OO, Zeba AN, Som\u00e9 JW, Kazienga A, Diendere J, Bationo JF, et al. Dietary intake of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids are not associated with serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations among children 36\u201359 months of age in rural Burkina faso: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-023-03194-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03194-w"},{"key":"1248_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N. Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.3.361.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.3.361"},{"key":"1248_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nana CP, Brouwer ID, Zagr\u00e9 NM, Kok FJ, Traor\u00e9 AS. Community assessment of availability, consumption, and cultural acceptability of food sources of (pro)vitamin A: toward the development of a dietary intervention among preschool children in rural Burkina Faso. Food Nutr Bull. 2005;26(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/156482650502600405.","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650502600405"},{"key":"1248_CR22","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9. Politique Nationale de nutrition. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2016."},{"key":"1248_CR23","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9. Plan de renforcement de la lutte contre les carences en micronutriment 2015\u20132020. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2015. p. 47."},{"key":"1248_CR24","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9. Enqu\u00eate d\u00e9mographique et de sant\u00e9 et \u00e0 indicateurs multiples du Burkina Faso. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2012."},{"key":"1248_CR25","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9. Enqu\u00eate nationale de nutrition. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2024."},{"key":"1248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geiger C, Agustar HK, Compaor\u00e9 G, Coulibaly B, Si\u00e9 A, Becher H, et al. Declining malaria parasite prevalence and trends of asymptomatic parasitaemia in a seasonal transmission setting in north-western Burkina Faso between 2000 and 2009\u20132012. Malar J. 2013;12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-27.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-27"},{"key":"1248_CR27","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne. Annuaire statistique 2020. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2021."},{"key":"1248_CR28","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9. Plan strat\u00e9gique national de lutte contre le paludisme du Burkina Faso 2021\u20132025. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2020. p 137."},{"key":"1248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gannon BM, Sombi\u00e9 OO, Zeba AN, Nama GM, Bekele TH, Woldeyohannes M, et al. Comparison of total body vitamin A stores using individual versus population 13\u00a0C-natural abundance of serum retinol in preschool children and women residing in 6 diverse African countries. J Nutr. 2023;153(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.02.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.02.002"},{"key":"1248_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suri DJ, Sombi\u00e9 OO, Zeba AN, Nama GM, Bekele TH, Woldeyohannes M, et al. Association between biomarkers of inflammation and total liver vitamin A reserves estimated by (13)C-retinol isotope Dilution among preschool children in 5 African countries. J Nutr. 2023;153(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.10.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.10.012"},{"key":"1248_CR31","unstructured":"Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. An interactive 24-hour recall for assessing the adequacy of iron and zinc intakes in developing countries. Washington, DC: HarvestPlus; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/57a08bac40f0b64974000cd6\/tech08.pdf."},{"key":"1248_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sombi\u00e9 OO, Abbeddou S, Kazienga A, Valea I, Moulin AM, Zeba AN, et al. Assessment of the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic test in acutely malnourished children under five years of age in Nanoro-Burkina Faso. J Parasitol Vector Biol. 2020;12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/JPVB2019.0363.","DOI":"10.5897\/JPVB2019.0363"},{"key":"1248_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gannon B, Kaliwile C, Arscott SA, Schmaelzle S, Chileshe J, Kalungwana N, et al. Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.114.087379.","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.087379"},{"key":"1248_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coplen TB. Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011;25(17). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcm.5129.","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.5129"},{"key":"1248_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erhardt JG, Estes JE, Pfeiffer CM, Biesalski HK, Craft NE. Combined measurement of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, retinol binding protein, and C-reactive protein by an inexpensive, sensitive, and simple sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. J Nutr. 2004;134(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/134.11.3127.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.3127"},{"key":"1248_CR36","first-page":"312","volume-title":"WHO child growth standards: length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height: methods and development","author":"WHO","year":"2006","unstructured":"WHO. WHO child growth standards: length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height: methods and development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006. p. 312."},{"key":"1248_CR37","volume-title":"Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity","author":"G Kennedy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kennedy G, Ballard T, Dop MC. Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2011."},{"key":"1248_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vyas S, Kumaranayake L. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2006;21(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czl029.","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl029"},{"key":"1248_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thurnham DI, McCabe LD, Haldar S, Wieringa FT, Northrop-Clewes CA, McCabe GP. Adjusting plasma ferritin concentrations to remove the effects of subclinical inflammation in the assessment of iron deficiency: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29284.","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29284"},{"key":"1248_CR40","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 du Burkina Faso, Centres de Contr\u00f4le et de Pr\u00e9vention des Maladies des US. Burkina Faso Enqu\u00eate nationale sur les micronutriments 2020. Module 2 Rapport sur les Donn\u00e9es de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur les Enfants. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/nutrition.bf\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-08\/burkina-faso-enm_module-2_enfant_rapport_final_31jan2024.pdf."},{"key":"1248_CR41","unstructured":"Kabore J, Bado L, Zeba NA, Bationo J-F, Ouedraogo JB. Effet de La double suppl\u00e9mentation En vitamine A et En zinc Sur Le Statut nutritionnel et Les r\u00e9serves h\u00e9patiques En vitamine A Chez Les Enfants de 6 \u00e0 59 Mois de Sourkoudougou. Sci De La Sant\u00e9. 2017;40(1)."},{"key":"1248_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhan X, Li Z, Hu H, et al. Effect of vitamin A and Zn supplementation on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin level and defecation of children with persistent diarrhea. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2016;59(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3164\/jcbn.15-68.","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.15-68"},{"key":"1248_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanumihardjo SA, Russell RM, Stephensen CB, Gannon BM, Craft NE, Haskell MJ, et al. Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)-vitamin A review. J Nutr. 2016;146(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.115.229708.","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.229708"},{"key":"1248_CR44","volume-title":"Tracer task Force. Appropriate uses of vitamin A tracer (stable isotope) methodology","author":"A Vitamin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vitamin A. Tracer task Force. Appropriate uses of vitamin A tracer (stable isotope) methodology. Washington, DC: ILSI Human Nutrition Institute; 2004."},{"key":"1248_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Stuijvenberg ME, Dhansay MA, Nel J, Suri D, Grahn M, Davis CR, et al. South African preschool children habitually consuming sheep liver and exposed to vitamin A supplementation and fortification have hypervitaminotic A liver stores: a cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382"},{"key":"1248_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanumihardjo SA, Mokhtar N, Haskell MJ, Brown KH. Assessing the safety of vitamin A delivered through large-scale intervention programs: workshop report on setting the research agenda. Food Nutr Bull. 2016;37(2 suppl). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0379572116630480.","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116630480"},{"key":"1248_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanumihardjo SA, Kaliwile C, Boy E, Dhansay MA, van Stuijvenberg ME. Overlapping vitamin A interventions in the united States, Guatemala, Zambia, and South africa: case studies. Annals N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1446(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13965.","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13965"},{"key":"1248_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahman MM, Mahalanabis D, Alvarez JO, Wahed MA, Islam MA, Habte D, et al. Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A. J Nutr. 1996;126(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/126.3.628.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.3.628"},{"key":"1248_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campos FA, Flores H, Underwood BA. Effect of an infection on vitamin A status of children as measured by the relative dose response (RDR). Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;46(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/46.1.91.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.1.91"}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01248-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01248-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01248-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T15:18:01Z","timestamp":1770391081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01248-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01248-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Prior to data collection, the study protocol was submitted to and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 (IRSS), a locally based research institution in Burkina Faso (approval N\u02da11-2016\/CEIRES). In addition, authorization to implement the study was obtained from the Haut-Bassin Regional Health Directorate, Burkina Faso (N\u02da2016 E0202\/MS\/RHBS\/DRS). Study personnel were trained in the principles of good clinical and laboratory practices. Written informed consent was obtained from caregivers for both their participation and the collection of biological samples from their children. Data collection was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Additionally, the study was retrospectively registered as a clinical trial on March 22, 2018, with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (Cochrane South Africa; PACTR201803002999356).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}