{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:04:13Z","timestamp":1780445053137,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-026-01316-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T06:11:25Z","timestamp":1776665485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modulation of metabolic parameters among obese diabetic individuals through a gluten-free diet"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Faiza","family":"Naeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Noreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazeefa","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Maduabuchi","family":"Aja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1316_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104754","volume":"136","author":"M Safaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Safaei M, Sundararajan EA, Driss M, Boulila W, Shapi\u2019i A. A systematic literature review on obesity: understanding the causes & consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity. Comput Biol Med. 2021;136:104754.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"1316_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noreen S, Rehman H, Tufail T, Badar Ul Ain H, Awuchi CG. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and anethole ameliorate lipid abnormalities, oxidative injury, hypercholesterolemia, heart, and liver conditions. Food Science & Nutrition; 2023.","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3250"},{"key":"1316_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melson E, Ashraf U, Papamargaritis D, Davies MJ. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? Int J Obes. 2024;49(3):1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01473-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"1316_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010123","volume":"15","author":"M Alghamdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alghamdi M, Gutierrez J, Komarnytsky S. Essential minerals and metabolic adaptation of immune cells. Nutrients. 2022;15(1):123.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"1316_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390994","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2024.2390994","volume":"22","author":"S Noreen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Noreen S, Niazi MK, Shehzadi S, Ikram A, Arshad MT, Gnedeka KT. Extend the emphasis to encompass sweet potatoes health advantages, industrial applications, and nutritional qualities. CyTA-Journal Food. 2024;22(1):2390994.","journal-title":"CyTA-Journal Food"},{"key":"1316_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesiekierski JR, Yao CK, Tuck C, Snelson M. Methodological advances in gastrointestinal tract physiology measurements: relevance to nutritional studies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2024;84(2):155\u201367.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665124007444"},{"issue":"6","key":"1316_CR7","first-page":"15","volume":"21","author":"S Noreen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noreen S, Rizwan B, Khan M, Farooq S. Health benefits of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), potential remedy for diseases, rare to cancer: A mini review. Infect Disorders-Drug TargetsDisorders). 2021;21(6):15\u201320.","journal-title":"Infect Disorders-Drug TargetsDisorders)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1316_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081765","volume":"10","author":"C Saben\u00e7a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saben\u00e7a C, Ribeiro M, Sousa Td, Poeta P, Bagulho AS, Igrejas G. Wheat\/gluten-related disorders and gluten-free diet misconceptions: a review. Foods. 2021;10(8):1765.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"3","key":"1316_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030397","volume":"11","author":"MW Qazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qazi MW, de Sousa IG, Nunes MC, Raymundo A. Improving the nutritional, structural, and sensory properties of gluten-free bread with different species of microalgae. Foods. 2022;11(3):397.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"1316_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863834","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.863834","volume":"9","author":"P Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun P, Huang L, Shuai P, Wan Z, Liu Y, Xue J, et al. Effect of a high protein, low glycemic index dietary intervention on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr. 2022;9:863834.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1316_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2024.39","volume":"13","author":"P Rohani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rohani P, da Silva Magalh\u00e3es EI, Imanifard R, Jarahzadeh M, Ziamanesh F, Fatahi S, et al. Impact of gluten-free diet (GFD) on some of cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutritional Sci. 2024;13:e37.","journal-title":"J Nutritional Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1316_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1823814","volume":"62","author":"I Demirkesen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demirkesen I, Ozkaya B. Recent strategies for tackling the problems in gluten-free diet and products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(3):571\u201397.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1316_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101410","volume":"10","author":"D El Khoury","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Khoury D, Balfour-Ducharme S, Joye IJ. A review on the gluten-free diet: Technological and nutritional challenges. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1410.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"1316_CR14","first-page":"2979","volume":"19","author":"M Ehteshami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ehteshami M, Shakerhosseini R, Sedaghat F, Hedayati M, Eini-Zinab H, Hekmatdoost A. The effect of gluten free diet on components of metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Asian Pac J cancer prevention: APJCP. 2018;19(10):2979.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J cancer prevention: APJCP"},{"key":"1316_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547325","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1547325","volume":"12","author":"I Ishaq","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ishaq I, Noreen S, Maduabuchi Aja P, Atoki AV. Role of protein intake in maintaining muscle mass composition among elderly females suffering from sarcopenia. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1547325.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"1316_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13729","volume":"21","author":"R McLean","year":"2019","unstructured":"McLean R, Cameron C, Butcher E, Cook NR, Woodward M, Campbell NR. Comparison of 24-hour urine and 24\u2010hour diet recall for estimating dietary sodium intake in populations: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(12):1753\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"1316_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-0961-3","volume":"18","author":"MJ Alkhatatbeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alkhatatbeh MJ, Amara NA, Abdul-Razzak KK. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with HDL-cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk biomarkers in subjects with non-cardiac chest pain. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1316_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedewald","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499\u2013502.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"1316_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2021.111003","volume":"7","author":"OI Saadah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saadah OI, Khayat A, Abusharifah O, Alaifan MA, Kamal NM, Bin-Taleb Y, et al. Liver function changes following the introduction of a gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease. Clin Experimental Hepatol. 2021;7(4):415\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Experimental Hepatol"},{"key":"1316_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar V, Gill KD. Estimation of blood glucose levels by glucose oxidase method. Basic concepts in clinical biochemistry: A practical guide. Springer; 2018. p. 57\u201360.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8186-6_13"},{"key":"1316_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahapary DL, Pratisthita LB, Fitri NA, Marcella C, Wafa S, Kurniawan F et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of insulin resistance: focusing on the role of HOMA-IR and Tryglyceride\/glucose index. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2022;16(8):102581.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102581"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"1316_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.009","volume":"40","author":"M Vogeser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vogeser M, K\u00f6nig D, Frey I, Predel H-G, Parhofer KG, Berg A. Fasting serum insulin and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the monitoring of lifestyle interventions in obese persons. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(13\u201314):964\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"1316_CR23","unstructured":"Steel RG, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics, a biometrical approach1981."},{"key":"1316_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175069","volume":"928","author":"V Musazadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Musazadeh V, Zarezadeh M, Ghalichi F, Ahrabi SS, Jamilian P, Jamilian P, et al. Anti-obesity properties of probiotics; a considerable medical nutrition intervention: findings from an umbrella meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;928:175069.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1316_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13256","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13256","volume":"22","author":"A Bellicha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, Busetto L, et al. Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: An overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies. Obes Rev. 2021;22:e13256.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1316_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062102","volume":"13","author":"ME Zujko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zujko ME, Ro\u017cniata M, Zujko K. Individual diet modification reduces the metabolic syndrome in patients before pharmacological treatment. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2102.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"1316_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e088069","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088069","volume":"14","author":"SM Smeets","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smeets SM, Kiefte-de Jong JC, van der Velde LA. Food insecurity and other barriers to adherence to a gluten-free diet in individuals with coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity in the Netherlands: a mixed-methods study. BMJ open. 2024;14(10):e088069.","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"12","key":"1316_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123484","volume":"11","author":"H Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim H, Lee W, Koo J-W. Status and risk of noncompliance of adherence to medications for metabolic diseases according to occupational characteristics. J Clin Med. 2022;11(12):3484.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1316_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02351-9","volume":"60","author":"I Behrendt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Behrendt I, Fasshauer M, Eichner G. Gluten intake and metabolic health: conflicting findings from the UK Biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:1547\u201359.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"1316_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642513327","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864251332720","volume":"18","author":"F De Santis","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Santis F, De Matteis E, D\u2019Anna L, Romoli M, Tassinari T, Saia V, et al. Admission systolic blood pressure and short-term outcomes after dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2025;18:17562864251332720.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1316_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.12.016","volume":"32","author":"G Costabile","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costabile G, Vitale M, Della Pepa G, Cipriano P, Vetrani C, Testa R, et al. A wheat aleurone-rich diet improves oxidative stress but does not influence glucose metabolism in overweight\/obese individuals: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(3):715\u201326.","journal-title":"Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1316_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00538-z","volume":"18","author":"HJ Pownall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pownall HJ, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Gotto AM Jr. High-density lipoproteins, reverse cholesterol transport and atherogenesis. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2021;18(10):712\u201323.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1316_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249299","volume":"16","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Shao M, Lu L, Zhao C, Qiu L, Liu Z. Obesity, insulin resistance and their interaction on liver enzymes. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0249299.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1316_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020130","volume":"12","author":"P Manka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manka P, Sydor S, Sch\u00e4nzer-Ocklenburg JM, Brandenburg M, Best J, Vilchez-Vargas R, et al. A potential role for bile acid signaling in celiac disease-associated fatty liver. Metabolites. 2022;12(2):130.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"13","key":"1316_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132008","volume":"16","author":"G-D Cazac","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cazac G-D, Mihai B-M, \u0218tef\u0103nescu G, G\u00eelc\u0103-Blanariu G-E, Mihai C, Grigorescu E-D, et al. Celiac disease, gluten-free diet and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Nutrients. 2024;16(13):2008.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1316_CR36","unstructured":"Larussa T, Abenavoli L, Procopio A, Iannelli C, Polimeni N, Spagnuolo R et al. The role of gluten-free diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(21).6664\u201370."}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01316-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01316-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01316-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:38:01Z","timestamp":1780443481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01316-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01316-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institute Research Ethics Board (IREB), University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (UOL\/IREB\/25\/09\/0008). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and in compliance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. This trial is also registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07127055) as of August 8, 2025\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any person\u2019s data (such as names, images, or other identifying information). Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"102"}}