{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:23:55Z","timestamp":1787225035827,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease after COVID-19, with Kenya among the high-burden countries. Kenya ranks 14th globally and 5th in Africa in TB burden. TB significantly affects dietary practices and nutritional status, which in turn influence treatment outcomes. However, limited data exist on dietary practices and nutritional status of TB patients in specific settings such as Kiambu County. This study aimed to assess the dietary practices and nutritional status of adult pulmonary TB patients at Kiambu Level Five Hospital, Kiambu County, Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 141\u00a0TB patients selected through systematic sampling at the Kiambu Level Five Hospital TB clinic. Data on dietary practices, including meal frequency, food consumption patterns, and nutrient adequacy, were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to assess nutritional status. Chi-square tests were used to determine associations between categorical variables, while Pearson\u2019s product\u2013moment correlation coefficient assessed relationships between continuous variables. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of nutritional status, adjusting for relevant socio-demographic and dietary factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 33.9\u2009\u00b1\u200912.6 years, with the majority being male (59.6%) and aged 25\u201334 years. Multiple linear regression analysis identified meal frequency (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.22,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and total energy intake (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.003 per kcal,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) as significant positive predictors of BMI. Regular lunch consumption and older age were also associated with higher BMI, while living with others was associated with lower BMI. The final model explained 42% of the variance in nutritional status (Adjusted R\u00b2 = 0.42).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary practices, particularly meal frequency and energy intake, are key determinants of nutritional status among TB patients. Interventions focusing on improving dietary intake and addressing socio-demographic factors may enhance nutritional recovery and treatment outcomes in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-026-01346-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:32:52Z","timestamp":1783506772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary practices and nutritional status of adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Kiambu level five hospital, Kiambu county, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isaac","family":"Nthiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Kimiywe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcus Mbithe","family":"David-Kigaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1346_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Report 20\u201323. January: T\/malaria\/. Number March; 2023."},{"key":"1346_CR2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, K. (2021). Ministry of Health."},{"key":"1346_CR3","unstructured":"Ministry of Health - Kenya. (2020). Kenya Tuberculosis Annual Report. 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"1346_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.37287\/ijghr.v6i3.3085","volume":"6","author":"A Brando","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brando A, Sagala M, Rekawati E, Nursasi AY. the Effect of Nutritional Management in the Nutritional Status of Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis: a. Syst Rev Literature. 2024;6(3):1161\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37287\/ijghr.v6i3.3085.","journal-title":"Syst Rev Literature"},{"key":"1346_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2025). WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis."},{"key":"1346_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasil Wagnew D, Gray T, Tsheten M, Kelly, Archie CA, Clements, Kefyalew Addis Alene. &. (2024). Effectiveness of nutritional support to improve treatment adherence in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review. Nutr Rev. 82(9).","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad120"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR7","first-page":"123","volume":"2","author":"I Nthiga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nthiga I, Mbithe D, Mugendi B, Nyangaresi D, Wambui T. Dietary practices of pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending clinic at lodwar county and referral. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;2(1):123\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1346_CR8","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization and Government of Kenya. (2018). Kenya Food Composition Tables."},{"key":"1346_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gurung LM, Bhatt LD, Karmacharya I, Yadav DK. Dietary Practice and Nutritional Status of Tuberculosis Patients in Pokhara: A Cross Sectional Study. Front Nutr. 2018;5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2018.00063.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00063"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR10","first-page":"119","volume":"2","author":"I Nthiga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nthiga I, Mbithe D, Mugendi B, Wambui T. The nutritional status of pulmonary tuberculosis patients aged 25\u201344 years attending tuberculosis clinic at Lodwar County and Referral Hospital, Turkana County, Kenya. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;2(1):119\u201322. www.foodsciencejournal.com.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1346_CR11","unstructured":"Centre for Health Solutions \u2013 Kenya. (2020). TB Annual Report (2020). In Center for Health Solution."},{"key":"1346_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gelaw SM. (2016). Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Knowledge on Tuberculosis among Adults in Ethiopia. Tuberculosis Research and Treatment. 2016, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/6207457","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6207457"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4481-6","volume":"19","author":"Z Ren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren Z, Zhao F, Chen H, Hu D, Yu W, Xu X, Lin D, Luo F, Fan Y, Wang H, Cheng J, Zhao L. Nutritional intakes and associated factors among tuberculosis patients: A cross-sectional study in China. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4481-6.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1346_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ho YCL, Mahirah D, Ho CZH, Thumboo J. The role of the family in health promotion: a scoping review of models and mechanisms. Health Promot Int. 2022;37(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/daac119","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daac119"},{"key":"1346_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gassara G, Chen J. Household food insecurity, dietary diversity, and stunting in sub-saharan africa: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2021;13(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124401.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124401"},{"key":"1346_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gebremichael B, Beletew B, Bimerew M, Haile D, Biadgilign S, Baye K. (2022). Magnitude of urban household food insecurity in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In Public Health Nutrition (Vol. 25, Number 4, pp. 994\u20131004). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980021003529","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021003529"},{"key":"1346_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsegaye AT, Tariku A, Worku AG, Abebe SM, Yitayal M, Awoke T, Alemu K, Biks GA. Reducing amount and frequency of meal as a major coping strategy for food insecurity. 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World J Adv Res Reviews. 2021;11(3):453\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/wjarr.2021.11.3.0494.","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"1346_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092491","volume":"12","author":"K Xiong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiong K, Wang J, Zhang J, Hao H, Wang Q, Cai J, Ma A. Association of dietary micronutrient intake with pulmonary tuberculosis treatment failure rate: Acohort study. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092491.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3728-z","volume":"16","author":"N Yahia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yahia N, Brown CA, Rapley M, Chung M. Level of nutrition knowledge and its association with fat consumption among college students. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the Kenyatta University Ethics Review Committee, approval number PKU\/2685\/11809, prior to the commencement of the study. All procedures involving human participants were performed in compliance with relevant laws and institutional guidelines. The respondents were informed that their confidentiality would be maintained both during and after the study. Additionally, they were informed that any information obtained from their responses would be used solely for the purpose of the study, and that participation was entirely voluntary. Before administering the questionnaire, the respondents signed a consent form.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"172"}}