{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:18:18Z","timestamp":1788218298071,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Nutr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The B vitamin family of nutrients includes folates; a crucial group of nutrients obtained from food. Folate deficiency is a major concern in Ghana, and the resultant neural tube defects in newborns are rampant, but no surveillance is in place. Dietary approaches have proven more sustainable; therefore, this study aimed to conduct a community survey among women to assess the intake of dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) and to quantify the folate content in a variety of DGLV frequently consumed in Accra, Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study of 388 pregnant and nursing mothers aged 15 to 49\u00a0years in Dodowa, an Accra district, was conducted to analyze their consumption of green leafy vegetables using structured questionnaires. The study also looked at the folate levels of various green leafy vegetables that are widely consumed in Ghana. The Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of continuous variables. A variance analysis with a post hoc test was used to see whether there were differences in the means of the readings between samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A general low intake of folate-rich vegetables in terms of both frequency per week and quantity consumed was recorded.\n                      <jats:italic>Kontomire<\/jats:italic>\n                      emerged as the most frequently consumed DGLV, with 36.1% of participants reporting weekly intake and 24.5% consuming it three times weekly. In contrast, vegetables such as\n                      <jats:italic>Gboma, Bokobokor<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Alefu<\/jats:italic>\n                      were rarely consumed. Over 87% of participants reported never eating\n                      <jats:italic>Gboma<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while 91.5% and 94.3% never consumed\n                      <jats:italic>Bokobokor<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>Alefu<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. Folate content in vegetable samples ranged between (44.36\u2009\u00b1\u200917.37 to 220.39\u2009\u00b1\u200921.93) ug\/100\u00a0g and (33.53\u2009\u00b1\u20099.27 to 122.06\u2009\u00b1\u20095.19) ug\/100\u00a0g for fresh and steamed (3\u00a0min) samples, respectively. Although the green leafy vegetables studied were found to be rich in folates, steaming led to considerable losses ranging from 8.56 to 78.46%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that raw vegetables may offer higher levels of folate, compared to cooked vegetables. The community survey reported limited consumption of vegetables rich in folate. These findings expand knowledge on neural tube defects, orofacial clefts, and folate content in Ghanaian foods, offering a foundation for future public health measures and policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-026-01400-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:25:28Z","timestamp":1781825128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consumption patterns and quantification of folate in commonly consumed green leafy vegetables in Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Obed Akwaa","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Tianyie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Efua","family":"Adimado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfred-Peck","family":"Dorleku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firibu Kwesi","family":"Saalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Steiner-Asiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-6009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idolo","family":"Ifie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1400_CR1","unstructured":"Khan KM, Jialal I. Folic acid deficiency. In: StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK535377\/. Cited 2025 Sep 8."},{"issue":"4","key":"1400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151586PubMedPMID:27064786;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC4827875","volume":"11","author":"I Zaganjor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaganjor I, Sekkarie A, Tsang BL, Williams J, Razzaghi H, Mulinare J, et al. Describing the Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects Worldwide: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0151586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151586PubMedPMID:27064786;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC4827875.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13593","volume":"1414","author":"H Martinez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martinez H, Weakland AP, Bailey LB, Botto LD, De-Regil LM, Brown KH. Improving maternal folate status to prevent infant neural tube defects: working group conclusions and a framework for action. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1414(1):5\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13593.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1400_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13548","volume":"1414","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blencowe H, Kancherla V, Moorthie S, Darlison MW, Modell B. Estimates of global and regional prevalence of neural tube defects for 2015: a systematic analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1414(1):31\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.13548.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1400_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.659612PubMedPMID:34040637;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC8143787","volume":"12","author":"RH Finnell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Finnell RH, Caiaffa CD, Kim SE, Lei Y, Steele J, Cao X, et al. Gene Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects. Front Genet. 2021;12:659612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2021.659612PubMedPMID:34040637;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC8143787.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"1400_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haggarty P. UK introduces folic acid fortification of flour to prevent neural tube defects. The Lancet . 2021;398(10307):1199\u2013201. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(21)02134-6\/abstract. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02134-6"},{"key":"1400_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alhassan A, Adam A, Nangkuu D. Prevalence of neural tube defect and hydrocephalus in Northern Ghana. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences. 2017;6(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jmbs.v6i1.3. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.4314\/jmbs.v6i1.3"},{"issue":"8","key":"1400_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35430","volume":"158A","author":"F Cort\u00e9s","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s F, Mellado C, Pardo RA, Villarroel LA, Hertrampf E. Wheat flour fortification with folic acid: Changes in neural tube defects rates in Chile. American J of Med Genetics Pt A. 2012;158A(8):1885\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.35430.","journal-title":"American J of Med Genetics Pt A"},{"key":"1400_CR9","unstructured":"Anyebuno M, Amofa G, Peprah S, Affram A. Neural tube defects at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. East African medical journal . 1993;70(9):572\u20134. Available from: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/8181439. Cited 2025 Sep 8."},{"key":"1400_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Lancellotti C, Tur JA, Uauy R. Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review. Public health nutrition . 2013;16(5):901\u201311. Available from: https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/public-health-nutrition\/article\/impact-of-folic-acid-fortification-of-flour-on-neural-tube-defects-a-systematic-review\/EE00B553A9BD987BADF495B21E3CCF6C. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012003576"},{"issue":"5","key":"1400_CR11","first-page":"2498","volume":"9","author":"D Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar D, Kumar S, Shekhar C. Nutritional components in green leafy vegetables: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2020;9(5):2498\u2013502.","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1400_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.796095","volume":"30","author":"A Wa\u015bkiewicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wa\u015bkiewicz A, Irzykowska L, Bocianowski J, Karolewski Z, Weber Z, Goli\u0144ski P. Fusariotoxins in asparagus \u2013 their biosynthesis and migration. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2013;30(7):1332\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19440049.2013.796095.","journal-title":"Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A"},{"issue":"3","key":"1400_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12193","volume":"15","author":"N Delchier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delchier N, Herbig A, Rychlik M, Renard CMGC. Folates in Fruits and Vegetables: Contents, Processing, and Stability. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe. 2016;15(3):506\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1541-4337.12193.","journal-title":"Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe"},{"key":"1400_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar S, Sharma S, Kumar V, Sharma R, Minhas A, Boddu R. Cruciferous vegetables: a mine of phytonutrients for functional and nutraceutical enrichment. In: Current advances for development of functional foods modulating inflammation and oxidative stress . Elsevier; 2022. p. 401\u201326. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128234822000200. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823482-2.00020-0"},{"key":"1400_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colecraft EK, Christian AK, Ammah G, Aryeetey R. Rapid review of research on dietary attitudes, beliefs and practices in Ghana 1990\u20132020. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development . 2022;22(2):19417\u201340. Available from: https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ajfand\/article\/view\/231301. Cited 2025 Sep 9.","DOI":"10.18697\/ajfand.107.21775"},{"key":"1400_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu S, Zhao A, Lan H, Li P, Mao S, Szeto IMY, et al. Nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy among Chinese women and its association with nutritional intakes. Nutrients . 2023;15(4):933. Available from: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/4\/933. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040933"},{"issue":"2","key":"1400_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232","volume":"35","author":"J Charan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Charan J, Biswas T. How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research? Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(2):121\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0253-7176.116232.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"1400_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wegm\u00fcller R, Bentil H, Wirth JP, Petry N, Tanumihardjo SA, Allen L, et al. Anemia, micronutrient deficiencies, malaria, hemoglobinopathies and malnutrition in young children and non-pregnant women in Ghana: Findings from a national survey. PloS one . 2020;15(1):e0228258. Available from: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228258. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228258"},{"key":"1400_CR19","unstructured":"Vincent A, Grande F, Ella Compaor\u00e9, Annor Amponsah G, Addy PS, Aburime LC, et al. FAO\/INFOODS Food Composition Table for Western Africa (2019) User Guide & Condensed Food Composition Table Table de composition des aliments FAO\/INFOODS pour l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest (2019) Guide d\u2019utilisation & table de composition des aliments condens\u00e9e . Rome, Italy; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/51ca3ee4-9bd4-4077-b746-93cecd34b2c0\/content"},{"key":"1400_CR20","unstructured":"Kuevi AD. Development and Validation of a Photographic Food Atlas with Portion Sizes of Commonly Consumed Animal And Plant Protein Source Foods in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area [PhD Thesis] . University of Ghana; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/ugspace.ug.edu.gh\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/41e0622a-a589-4440-94f5-ac75b5c8f152\/content. Cited 2025 Sep 12."},{"key":"1400_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szenczi-Cseh J, Horv\u00e1th Zs, Ambrus \u00c1. Validation of a food quantification picture book and portion sizes estimation applying perception and memory methods. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2017;68(8):960\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09637486.2017.1309521. Cited 2025 Sep 12.","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1309521"},{"issue":"1","key":"1400_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06408-z","volume":"24","author":"O Akwaa Harrison","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akwaa Harrison O, Ifie I, Nkwonta C, Dzandu BA, Gattor AO, Adimado EE, et al. Knowledge, awareness, and use of folic acid among women of childbearing age living in a peri-urban community in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06408-z.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"1400_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quansah JK, Kunadu AP, Saalia FK, D\u00edaz-P\u00e9rez J, Chen J. Microbial quality of leafy green vegetables grown or sold in Accra metropolis, Ghana. Food Control . 2018;86:302\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0956713517305236. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.11.001"},{"key":"1400_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn JY, Kil DY, Kong C, Kim BG. Comparison of oven-drying methods for determination of moisture content in feed ingredients. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences . 2014;27(11):1615. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4213707\/. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.14305"},{"key":"1400_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahato A, Vyas S, Chatterjee NS. HPLC-UV Estimation of folic acid in Fortified rice and wheat flour using enzymatic extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography enrichment: An Interlaboratory validation study. Journal of AOAC International . 2020;103(1):73\u20137. Available from: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article-abstract\/103\/1\/73\/5717539. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.19-0207"},{"key":"1400_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nojavan Y, Kamankesh M, Shahraz F, Hashemi M, Mohammadi A. Ion pair-based dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography as a new method for determining five folate derivatives in foodstuffs. Talanta . 2015;137:31\u20137. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0039914015000156. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.01.010"},{"key":"1400_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kancherla V, Botto LD, Rowe LA, Shlobin NA, Caceres A, Arynchyna-Smith A, et al. Preventing birth defects, saving lives, and promoting health equity: an urgent call to action for universal mandatory food fortification with folic acid. The Lancet Global Health. 2022;10(7):e1053\u20137. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/langlo\/article\/PIIS2214-109X(22)00213-3\/fulltext?trk=organization_guest_main-feed-card_feed-article-content. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00213-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"1400_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2019.1608558","volume":"36","author":"F Bationo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bationo F, Songr\u00e9-Ouattara LT, Hama-Ba F, Baye K, Hemery YM, Parkouda C, et al. Folate Status of Women and Children in Africa \u2013 Current Situation and Improvement Strategies. Food Rev Intl. 2020;36(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87559129.2019.1608558.","journal-title":"Food Rev Intl"},{"key":"1400_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ejoh SI, Wireko-Manu FD, Page D, Renard CMG. Estimation of folate content of cultivated and uncultivated traditional green leafy vegetables in Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science . 2019;13(9):191\u20135. Available from: https:\/\/academicjournals.org\/journal\/AJFS\/article-full-text\/C2D967961837. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.5897\/AJFS2019.1784"},{"key":"1400_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wireko-Manu FD, Ejoh SI, Page D, Renard C. Estimation of micronutrient contents in traditional green leafy vegetables and their potential contribution to dietary recommended intakes. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences . 2020;8(1):15\u201323. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Faustina-Wireko-Manu\/publication\/340850038_Traditional_Green_Leafy_Vegetables_and_Their_Potential_Contribution_to_Dietary_Recommended_Intakes\/links\/5ea0ad52299bf143893ff3da\/Traditional-Green-Leafy-Vegetables-and-Their-Potential-Contribution-to-Dietary-Recommended-Intakes.pdf. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.11648\/j.jfns.20200801.13"},{"key":"1400_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarnowska-Kujawska M, Draszanowska A, Gujska E. Effect of different cooking methods on folate content in chicken liver. Foods . 2020;9(10):1431. Available from: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/9\/10\/1431. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101431"},{"key":"1400_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahato DK, Devi S, Pandhi S, Sharma B, Maurya KK, Mishra S, et al. Occurrence, impact on agriculture, human health, and management strategies of zearalenone in food and feed: A review. Toxins . 2021;13(2):92. Available from: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/13\/2\/92. Cited 2025 Sep 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020092"},{"key":"1400_CR33","unstructured":"Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and University of Ghana School, of Public Health. Food-Based Dietary Guidelines. Accra, Ghana; 2023 Jan. Report No."},{"key":"1400_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarnowska-Kujawska M, Draszanowska A, Starowicz M. Effect of different cooking methods on the folate content, organoleptic and functional properties of broccoli and spinach. LWT . 2022;167:113825. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0023643822007605. Cited 2025 Sep 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113825"},{"key":"1400_CR35","unstructured":"Charrondiere UR. Recipe and other calculations. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/food_composition\/documents\/Presentations\/Food_Composition_-_Recipes_and_other_calculations.pdf. Cited 2026 Feb 24."},{"key":"1400_CR36","unstructured":"Harrison OA, Ilfie I, Harrison JJEK, Dorleku WP, Gator AK, Adimado EE, et al. Neural tube defects in Ghana, current trends and relevant strategies for policy actions. In: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism . Karger Allschwilerstrasse 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; 2023. p. 1151\u20132. Available from: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?cluster=12239645969281327370&hl=en&oi=scholarr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1400_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5845-3","volume":"18","author":"F Azupogo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azupogo F, Seidu JA, Issaka YB. Higher vegetable intake and vegetable variety is associated with a better self-reported health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in a cross-sectional survey of rural northern Ghanaian women in fertile age. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5845-3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1400_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5058793","volume":"63","author":"A Bouzari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouzari A, Holstege D, Barrett DM. Vitamin Retention in Eight Fruits and Vegetables: A Comparison of Refrigerated and Frozen Storage. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63(3):957\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf5058793.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"1400_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0407-z","volume":"50","author":"S Gupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta S, Gowri BS, Lakshmi AJ, Prakash J. Retention of nutrients in green leafy vegetables on dehydration. J Food Sci Technol. 2013;50(5):918\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13197-011-0407-z.","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["BMC Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01400-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01400-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01400-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:08:34Z","timestamp":1788217714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01400-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40795-026-01400-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-0928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-0928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical Clearance for this study was sought from the Noguchi Memorial Institute for.Medical Research (NMIMR-IRB CPN: 031\/21\u201322). Permission was obtained from the district assembly, and participants gave informed written consent to be part of the study after the study protocol was carefully explained to them in a language they best understood. Informed consent was obtained from the parents\/ legal guardians or caregivers of participants who were below 18 years of age. This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. All study participants provided informed written consent prior to participation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"179"}}