{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:21:24Z","timestamp":1787962884661,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Rugby League (NRL) Rugby League Research Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med - Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The tackle is the most common in-play event in rugby union and rugby league (the rugby codes). It is also associated with the greatest propensity for injury and thus accounts for the most injuries in the sport. It is therefore of critical importance to accurately quantify how tackle technique alters injury risk using gold-standard methodology of three-dimensional motion (3D) capture.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To examine the 3D motion capture methodology of rugby-style tackle techniques to provide recommendations to inform practice for future rugby code research and advance the knowledge of this field.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Articles published in English language, up to May 2020, were retrieved via nine online databases. All cross-sectional, correlational, observational, and cohort study designs using 3D motion capture of tackle techniques in rugby code players met inclusion criteria for this review. A qualitative synthesis using thematic analysis was pre-specified to identify five key themes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seven articles met eligibility criteria. Participant demographic information (theme one) involved a total of 92 rugby union players, ranging in skill level and playing experience. Experimental task design information (theme two) included one-on-one, front-on (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=5) or side-on (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=1) contact between a tackler and a ball carrier, or a tackler impacting a tackle bag or bump pad (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=3). 3D data collection (theme three) reported differing sampling frequencies and marker sets. 3D data reduction and analysis (theme four) procedures could be mostly replicated, but the definitions of temporal events, joint modelling and filtering varied between studies. Findings of the studies (theme five) showed that the one-on-one tackle technique can be altered (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=5) when tackle height, leg drive and\/or tackle speed is modified. A study reported tackle coaching intervention.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first review to evaluate 3D motion capture of rugby-style tackle technique research. A research framework was identified: (i) participant demographic information, (ii) experimental task design information, (iii) 3D motion capture data specifications, and (iv) 3D data reduction and analysis. Adherence of future 3D tackling research to these framework principles will provide critical scientific evidence to better inform injury reduction and performance practices in the rugby codes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=92312\">CRD42018092312<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00322-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T12:03:23Z","timestamp":1623067403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["3D Biomechanics of Rugby Tackle Techniques to Inform Future Rugby Research Practice: a Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzi","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timana","family":"Tahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"322_CR1","volume-title":"Global rugby participation","author":"W Rugby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rugby W. Global rugby participation. 2017; Available from: https:\/\/www.world.rugby\/development\/player-numbers?lang=en. [cited 2019 25 October]"},{"issue":"3","key":"322_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.01.002","volume":"14","author":"TJ Gabbett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gabbett TJ, Jenkins DG, Abernethy B. Physical collisions and injury in professional rugby league match-play. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(3):210\u20135.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.08.005","volume":"16","author":"KL Quarrie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quarrie KL, Hopkins WG, Anthony MJ, Gill ND. Positional demands of international rugby union: evaluation of player actions and movements. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;16(4):353\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"322_CR4","volume-title":"Stats Players: NRL Telstra Premiership 2020 Tackles","author":"League NR","year":"2020","unstructured":"League NR. Stats Players: NRL Telstra Premiership 2020 Tackles. 2020; Available from: https:\/\/www.nrl.com\/stats\/players\/?competition=111&season=2019&stat=3. [cited 2020 4 Nov]"},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.08.012","volume":"21","author":"AC Fitzpatrick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick AC, Naylor AS, Myler P, Robertson C. A three-year epidemiological prospective cohort study of rugby league match injuries from the European Super League. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(2):160\u20135.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096275","volume":"51","author":"CW Fuller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuller CW, Taylor A, Kemp SPT, Raftery M. Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study. Br J Sport Med. 2017;51(1):51\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096275.","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"key":"322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"West SW, Starling L, Kemp S, et al Trends in match injury risk in professional male rugby union: a 16-season review of 10 851 match injuries in the English Premiership (2002\u20132019): the Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project British Journal of Sports Medicine Published Online First: 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102529.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102529"},{"issue":"7","key":"322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0235035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235035","volume":"15","author":"K Sasaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sasaki K, Sato H, Nakamura A, Yamamoto T, Watanabe I, Katsuta T, et al. Clarifying the structure of serious head and spine injury in youth Rugby Union players. Plos One. 2020;15(7):e0235035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235035.","journal-title":"Plos One."},{"issue":"7","key":"322_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093381","volume":"49","author":"CW Fuller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuller CW, Taylor A, Raftery M. Epidemiology of concussion in men\u2019s elite Rugby-7s (Sevens World Series) and Rugby-15s (Rugby World Cup, Junior World Championship and Rugby Trophy, Pacific Nations Cup and English Premiership). Br J Sport Med. 2015;49(7):478\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093381.","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2012.660824","volume":"20","author":"D King","year":"2012","unstructured":"King D, Hume PA, Clark T. Nature of tackles that result in injury in professional rugby league. Res Sports Med. 2012;20(2):86\u2013104.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"322_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101293","volume":"54","author":"S Hendricks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hendricks S, Till K, den Hollander S, Savage TN, Roberts SP, Tierney G, et al. Consensus on a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions by the Rugby Union Video Analysis Consensus group. Br J Sport Med. 2020;54(10):566\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101293.","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR12","first-page":"27","volume":"4","author":"S den Hollander","year":"2018","unstructured":"den Hollander S, Jones B, Lambert M, Hendricks S. The what and how of video analysis research in rugby union: a critical review. Sports Med. 2018;4(1):27.","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"322_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.707328","volume":"30","author":"S Hendricks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hendricks S, Karpul D, Nicolls F, Lambert M. Velocity and acceleration before contact in the tackle during rugby union matches. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(12):1215\u201324.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"322_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200012000-00002","volume":"32","author":"AS McIntosh","year":"2000","unstructured":"McIntosh AS, McCrory P, Comerford J. The dynamics of concussive head impacts in rugby and Australian rules football. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(12):1980\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200012000-00002.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"322_CR15","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise: The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Guide","author":"CJ Payne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Payne CJ. Motion analysis using video. In: Payne CJ, Bartlett RM, editors. Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise: The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Guide. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2008. p. 33\u201352."},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620921290","volume":"44","author":"A Michelini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michelini A, Eshraghi A, Andrysek J. Two-dimensional video gait analysis: a systematic review of reliability, validity, and best practice considerations. Prosthetics Orthotics Int. 2020;44(4):245\u201362.","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthotics Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"322_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318149332d","volume":"39","author":"KR Ford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Reliability of landing 3D motion analysis: implications for longitudinal analyses. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(11):2021\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e318149332d.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"3","key":"322_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.09.003","volume":"29","author":"JL McGinley","year":"2009","unstructured":"McGinley JL, Baker R, Wolfe R, Morris ME. The reliability of three-dimensional kinematic gait measurements: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 2009;29(3):360\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.09.003.","journal-title":"Gait Posture."},{"issue":"jul21 1","key":"322_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","volume":"339","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339(jul21 1):b2535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b2535.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","volume":"52","author":"SH Downs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.52.6.377.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"322_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12092","volume":"47","author":"M Bearman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bearman M, Dawson P. Qualitative synthesis and systematic review in health professions education. Medical Education. 2013;47(3):252\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.12092.","journal-title":"Medical Education."},{"key":"322_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tierney GJ, Richter C, Denvir K, Simms CK. Could lowering the tackle height in rugby union reduce ball carrier inertial head kinematics? J Biomechanics. 2018;72:29\u201336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.02.023"},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040726","volume":"9","author":"GJ Tierney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tierney GJ, Simms C. Predictive capacity of the MADYMO multibody human body model applied to head kinematics during rugby union tackles. Appl Sci. 2019;9(4):726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9040726.","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0381","volume":"10","author":"DW Wundersitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wundersitz DW, Gastin PB, Robertson SJ, Netto KJ. Validity of a trunk-mounted accelerometer to measure physical collisions in contact sports. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(6):681\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0381.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform."},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954117711867","volume":"13","author":"HA Kerr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerr HA, Ledet EH, Ata A, Newitt JL, Santa Barbara M, Kahanda M, et al. Does instructional video footage improve tackle technique? Int J Sports Sci Coaching. 2018;13(1):3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747954117711867.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coaching."},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1194453","volume":"16","author":"E Seminati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seminati E, Cazzola D, Preatoni E, Trewartha G. Specific tackling situations affect the biomechanical demands experienced by rugby union players. Sports Biomech. 2017;16(1):58\u201375.","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"322_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanabe Y, Kawasaki T, Tanaka H, Murakami K, Nobuhara K, Okuwaki T, Kaneko K. The kinematics of 1-on-1 rugby tackling: a study using 3-dimensional motion analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018;46:2514\u201320.","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518781808"},{"issue":"10","key":"322_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518781808","volume":"46","author":"T Kawasaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kawasaki T, Tanabe Y, Tanaka H, Murakami K, Maki N, Ozaki H, et al. Kinematics of rugby tackling: a pilot study with 3-dimensional motion analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(10):2514\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546518781808.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113487165","volume":"5","author":"KY Peck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peck KY, Johnston DA, Owens BD, Cameron KL. The incidence of injury among male and female intercollegiate rugby players. Sports Health. 2013;5(4):327\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1941738113487165.","journal-title":"Sports Health."},{"issue":"10","key":"322_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01151-4","volume":"49","author":"D King","year":"2019","unstructured":"King D, Hume P, Cummins C, Pearce A, Clark T, Foskett A, et al. Match and training injuries in women\u2019s rugby union: a systematic review of published studies. Sports Med. 2019;49(10):1559\u201374.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"322_CR31","first-page":"1","volume-title":"National Rugby League Coaching Manual","author":"League NR","year":"2019","unstructured":"League NR. National Rugby League Coaching Manual; 2019. p. 1\u2013138. Available from: https:\/\/www.playrugbyleague.com\/media\/3179\/nrl-coaching-manual-2019.pdf. [cited 2019 8 October]"},{"key":"322_CR32","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Rugby Australia Foundation Coaching Manual","author":"Australia R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Australia R. Rugby Australia Foundation Coaching Manual; 2017. p. 1\u2013136. Available from: https:\/\/australia.rugby\/participate\/coach\/coaching-resources\/coaching-manuals. [cited 2020 24 May]"},{"issue":"5","key":"322_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c07b5b","volume":"42","author":"AS McIntosh","year":"2010","unstructured":"McIntosh AS, Savage TN, McCrory P, Frechede BO, Wolfe R. Tackle characteristics and injury in a cross section of rugby union football. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):977\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c07b5b.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1260\/174795409790291402","volume":"4","author":"T Gabbett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gabbett T, Ryan P. Tackling technique, injury risk, and playing performance in high-performance collision sport athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coaching. 2009;4(4):521\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1260\/174795409790291402.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coaching."},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181da781c","volume":"25","author":"D Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin D, Gabbett T, Jenkins D. Tackling in a professional rugby league. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(6):1659\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181da781c.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"322_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050864","volume":"44","author":"CW Fuller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fuller CW, Ashton T, Brooks JHM, Cancea RJ, Hall J, Kemp SPT. Injury risks associated with tackling in rugby union. Br J Sport Med. 2010;44(3):159\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050864.","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"322_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097912","volume":"53","author":"MJ Cross","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cross MJ, Tucker R, Raftery M, Hester B, Williams S, Stokes KA, et al. Tackling concussion in professional rugby union: a case\u2013control study of tackle-based risk factors and recommendations for primary prevention. Br J Sport Med. 2019;53(16):1021\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097912.","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"322_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1193630","volume":"30","author":"GJ Tierney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tierney GJ, Lawler J, Denvir K, McQuilkin K, Simms CK. Risks associated with significant head impact events in elite rugby union. Brain Inj. 2016;30(11):1350\u201361.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"8","key":"322_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.015","volume":"41","author":"MH Schwartz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwartz MH, Rozumalski A, Trost JP. The effect of walking speed on the gait of typically developing children. J Biomech. 2008;41(8):1639\u201350.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"14","key":"322_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.06.029","volume":"45","author":"J Vanrenterghem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vanrenterghem J, Venables E, Pataky T, Robinson MA. The effect of running speed on knee mechanical loading in females during side cutting. J Biomech. 2012;45(14):2444\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.06.029.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"10","key":"322_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.05.007","volume":"49","author":"P Eichelberger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eichelberger P, Ferraro M, Minder U, Denton T, Blasimann A, Krause F, et al. Analysis of accuracy in optical motion capture \u2013 a protocol for laboratory setup evaluation. J Biomech. 2016;49(10):2085\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1463397","volume":"18","author":"E van der Kruk","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Kruk E, Reijne MM. Accuracy of human motion capture systems for sport applications; state-of-the-art review. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(6):806\u201319.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"322_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.02.028","volume":"72","author":"QA Boser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boser QA, Valevicius AM, Lavoie EB, Chapman CS, Pilarski PM, Hebert JS, et al. Cluster-based upper body marker models for three-dimensional kinematic analysis: Comparison with an anatomical model and reliability analysis. J Biomech. 2018;72:228\u201334.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954117711866","volume":"13","author":"GJ Tierney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tierney GJ, Denvir K, Farrell G, Simms CK. The effect of technique on tackle gainline success outcomes in elite level rugby union. Int J Sports Sci Coaching. 2018;13(1):16\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747954117711866.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coaching."},{"issue":"3","key":"322_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001461","volume":"50","author":"GJ Tierney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tierney GJ, Denvir K, Farrell G, Simms CK. The effect of tackler technique on head injury assessment risk in elite rugby union. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(3):603\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001461.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"8","key":"322_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091257","volume":"46","author":"CR Dennison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dennison CR, Macri EM, Cripton PA. Mechanisms of cervical spine injury in rugby union: is it premature to abandon hyperflexion as the main mechanism underpinning injury? Br J Sport Med. 2012;46(8):545\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091257.","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"322_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","volume":"10","author":"RB Davis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davis RB, \u00d5unpuu S, Tyburski D, Gage JR. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum Movement Sci. 1991;10(5):575\u201387.","journal-title":"Hum Movement Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"322_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802298235","volume":"26","author":"J Seay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seay J, Selbie WS, Hamill J. In vivo lumbo-sacral forces and moments during constant speed running at different stride lengths. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(14):1519\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410802298235.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"322_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blyton SJ, Edwards S, Moghaddas D, de Zoete RMJ, Palazzi K, Oldmeadow C, et al. A pilot longitudinal study of 3-dimensional head and neck kinematics during functional tasks in individuals with chronic idiopathic neck pain either wait-listed for or receiving chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy with exercise. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2020;43(5):490\u2013505.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2019.01.003"},{"key":"322_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter DA. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. 4th ed. Waterloo: Wiley; 2009.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148"},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.04.033","volume":"38","author":"T Krosshaug","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krosshaug T, Bahr R. A model-based image-matching technique for three-dimensional reconstruction of human motion from uncalibrated video sequences. J Biomech. 2005;38(4):919\u201329.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954119833477","volume":"14","author":"GJ Tierney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tierney GJ, Gildea K, Krosshaug T, Simms CK. Analysis of ball carrier head motion during a rugby union tackle without direct head contact: a case study. Int J Sports Sci Coaching. 2019;14(2):190\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000638","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000638","volume":"6","author":"R Jadischke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jadischke R, Zendler J, Lovis E, Elliott A, Goulet GC. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of head and body impacts in American 7v7 non-tackle football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2020;6(1):e000638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000638.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1271905","volume":"17","author":"GJ Tierney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tierney GJ, Joodaki H, Krosshaug T, Forman JL, Crandall JR, Simms CK. Assessment of model-based image-matching for future reconstruction of unhelmeted sport head impact kinematics. Sports Biomech. 2018;17(1):33\u201347.","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"issue":"11","key":"322_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02629-3","volume":"48","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Domel AG, Yousefsani SA, Kondic J, Grant G, Zeineh M, et al. Validation and comparison of instrumented mouthguards for measuring head kinematics and assessing brain deformation in football impacts. Ann Biomed Eng. 2020;48(11):2580\u201398.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"322_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00017-C","volume":"28","author":"G Wu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wu G, Cavanagh PR. ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. J Biomech. 1995;28(10):1257\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00017-C.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90033-2","volume":"12","author":"GA Wood","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wood GA, Jennings LS. On the use of spline functions for data smoothing. J Biomech. 1979;12(6):477\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.932916","volume":"33","author":"MP Moresi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moresi MP, Bradshaw EJ, Greene DA, Naughton GA. The impact of data reduction on the intra-trial reliability of a typical measure of lower limb musculoskeletal stiffness. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(2):180\u201391.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"322_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138397","volume":"105","author":"ES Grood","year":"1983","unstructured":"Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. 1983;105(2):136\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.3138397.","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"322_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6","volume":"35","author":"G Wu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, et al. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion-part I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1330548","volume":"36","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schaefer A, O\u2019Dwyer N, Ferdinands RED, Edwards S. Consistency of kinematic and kinetic patterns during a prolonged spell of cricket fast bowling: an exploratory laboratory study. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(6):679\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2017.1330548.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"322_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1034179","volume":"29","author":"AJ Gardner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Quinn TN, Makdissi M, Levi CR, Shultz SR, et al. A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League. Brain Inj. 2015;29(10):1182\u20135.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"322_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000053","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000053","volume":"2","author":"S Hendricks","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hendricks S, O\u2019Connor S, Lambert M, Brown JC, Burger N, Mc Fie S, et al. Video analysis of concussion injury mechanism in under-18 rugby. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2016;2(1):e000053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000053.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"322_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1046192","volume":"15","author":"S Hendricks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hendricks S, O\u2019connor S, Lambert M, Brown J, Burger N, Mc Fie S, et al. Contact technique and concussions in the South African under-18 Coca-Cola Craven Week Rugby tournament. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(6):557\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"322_CR65","volume-title":"A systematic review of 3D biomechanics of rugby tackle techniques and risk of injury. XXVII Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics; 2019 31 July-4 August 2019; Calgary, Canada","author":"S Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards S, Buchanan M, Tahu T, Strangman GE, Gardner AJ. A systematic review of 3D biomechanics of rugby tackle techniques and risk of injury. XXVII Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics; 2019 31 July-4 August 2019; Calgary, Canada; 2019."}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00322-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00322-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00322-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T12:03:56Z","timestamp":1623067436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00322-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00322-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-1170","2198-9761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-1170","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-9761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent to publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors, Suzi Edwards, Gordon Fuller, Matthew Buchanan, Roger Lee, Timana Tahu, Ross Tucker, and Andrew Gardner, declare that they have no competing interest. Andrew Gardner, Ph.D. serves as a scientific advisor for hitIQ, Ltd. He has a clinical practice in neuropsychology involving individuals who have sustained sport-related concussion (including current and former athletes). He has been a contracted concussion consultant to Rugby Australia (2016\u20132020). He has received travel funding or been reimbursed by professional sporting bodies, and commercial organisations for discussing or presenting sport-related concussion research at meetings, scientific conferences, workshops and symposiums. He has received research funding from the National Rugby League (NRL) for the Retired Professional Rugby League Players Brain Health Research Program. Previous grant funding includes the NSW Sporting Injuries Committee, the Brain Foundation (Australia), an Australian-American Fulbright Commission Postdoctoral Award, a Hunter New England Local Health District, Research, Innovation and Partnerships Health Research & Translation Centre and Clinical Research Fellowship Scheme, and the Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), supported by Jennie Thomas, and the HMRI, supported by Anne Greaves. Ross Tucker is a research consultant to World Rugby (Pty) Ltd, the governing body for Rugby Union globally. Timana Tahu is an employee of the National Rugby League as a transitional officer working with Indigenous students.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"39"}}